降钙素原对孕妇宫内感染的诊断价值研究

目的探讨降钙素原(PCT)对孕妇宫内感染的诊断价值,为孕妇宫内感染的早期诊断提供依据。方法选择2007年3月-2012年2月孕妇妊娠期宫内细菌感染82例、病毒感染84例、正常孕妇85名,分别为细菌感染组、病毒感染组与对照组,比较3组孕妇血清白细胞(WBC)计数、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、中性粒细胞(N)水平及PCT检测结果,数据采用SPSS13.0统计软件进行处理。结果细菌感染组孕妇WBC、CRP、IL-6、N均显著高于对照组与病毒组,病毒感染组显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);细菌感染组孕妇PCT阳性率86.6%显著高于病毒感染组的17.9%与对照组的5.9%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);PCT对细菌感染诊断敏感度、准确度、特异度、阳性预测值均高于其他检测项目。结论 PCT对孕妇细菌感染检测具有较高的敏感度与特异度,且速度快,准确度高,可作为孕妇宫内感染的早期诊断指标。     

Does an intraabdominally placed LNG-IUS have an adverse effect on fertility? a case report

This case of secondary infertility with an associated intraabdominal levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) demonstrates the importance of adequate imaging in women with a missing intrauterine contraceptive device and the possible fertility implications of an extrauterine LNG-IUS.     

Postplacental insertion of the levonorgestrel intrauterine device after cesarean delivery vs. delayed insertion: a randomized controlled trial

Objective

This trial was designed to compare levonorgestrel intrauterine device (LNG-IUD) use at 1 year after delivery between women randomized to postplacental insertion at the time of cesarean delivery and delayed insertion 4–8 weeks after delivery.

Study design

This randomized controlled trial was conducted at two urban medical centers. Eligible pregnant women with planned cesarean deliveries were randomized to immediate postplacental insertion during cesarean or delayed insertion after 4–8 weeks. We used intention-to-treat analysis for the primary outcome of LNG-IUD use 12 months after delivery.

Results

Forty-two women were randomized, 20 into the postplacental group and 22 in the delayed group. Although confirmed use of the LNG-IUD 12 months after delivery was higher in the postplacental group (60.0% vs. 40.9%, p=.35), this difference was not statistically significance. Expulsion was significantly more common in the postplacental group (20.0% vs. 0%, p=.04). There were significant differences between the two sites in baseline population characteristics, follow-up and expulsion. The trial did not answer the intended question as it was halted early due to slow enrollment.

Conclusions

Our results show higher expulsion after postplacental insertion compared to delayed insertion but suggest similar IUD use at 12 months. Moreover, it provides valuable lessons regarding a randomized controlled trial of postplacental LNG-IUD placement due to the challenges of estimating effect size and the nature of the population who might benefit from immediate insertion.

Implications

Postplacental insertion of an IUD may improve use of highly effective contraception during the postpartum period. While our results suggest higher expulsion after postplacental insertion compared to delayed insertion and similar IUD use at 12 months, our trial was insufficient to definitively test our hypothesis.     

The effect of nitroglycerin on the IUD insertion experience in nulliparous women: a pilot study

Objective

Concern about pain during placement of an intrauterine device (IUD) represents a barrier to use, especially among nulliparous women. We hypothesized that nitroglycerin gel applied vaginally 30 min prior to IUD placement would reduce insertion-related pain.

Study design

We designed a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of 0.5-mg nitroglycerin gel (1 mL) or identical placebo gel applied vaginally in nulliparous women 30 min prior to IUD placement. The study was limited to women who opted for the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Subjects completed a series of 100-mm visual analogue scales at several time points. The primary outcome was subject-reported pain with passage of the IUD through the cervix. Secondary outcomes included subject-reported pain at other time points, provider-reported ease of insertion, side effects, adverse events and need for additional dilation.

Results

A total of 24 women were randomized. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. The mean pain score with IUD deployment was 55.0 mm [standard deviation (SD) = 29.7 mm] in the placebo group and 57.4 mm (SD 22.1 mm) in the nitroglycerin group (p=.82). There was no difference in ease of insertion reported by providers. Two subjects required dilation, one in each group.

Conclusion

Vaginal administration of 0.5-mg nitroglycerin gel 30 min prior to IUD placement does not appear to decrease patient-reported procedural pain among nulliparous women or ease of insertion for providers.     

Contraceptive awareness and birth control selection in female kidney and liver transplant recipients

Objective(s)

Interest has increased regarding the issue of contraception in transplant recipients. The purpose of this study was to assess birth control selection and the role of contraceptive counseling sessions in female kidney transplant (KT) and liver transplant (LT) recipients.

Study Design

A cross-sectional single-center survey study of 217 female organ recipients (KT, 137 and LT, 80), aged 18–45 years, met the study criteria. Patients were asked 43 questions regarding their pre- and posttransplantation use of contraceptive methods, birth control awareness, contraception counseling and the factors determining the selection of effective contraception (hormonal contraception, intrauterine devices and female sterilization).

Results

Thirty-three percent (5/15) of patients who had undergone the transplantation within 1 year prior to study inclusion were unaware of the necessity to use contraception. Both of the groups studied did not differ significantly in terms of the rates of pre- and posttransplantation consultations on effective contraception (KT: 26% vs. 34%; p=0.153 and LT 38% vs. 35%; p=0.729). Effective posttransplantation contraception was used by one in three patients, as indicated by posttransplantation consultations (KT: 30% vs. LT: 29%; p=0.910). The following factors affected the posttransplantation use of effective contraception: the presence of posttransplantation counseling on effective contraception [odds ratio (OR): 6.67; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.12–20.1] and infrequent sexual activity prior to transplantation (OR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.35–0.89).

Conclusion(s)

The selection of effective contraception in KT and LT recipients remain suboptimal. Despite the low numbers of women who received contraceptive counseling in this study, consultation was nonetheless associated with choosing an effective method of contraception.

Implication

Current literature and data regarding contraception among female organ transplant recipients remain limited and are predominantly limited to a single population. The purpose of the study was to assess the level of satisfaction and the reasons underlying birth control selection in female kidney and LT recipients.     

精子形态对宫腔内人工授精妊娠率的影响

目的探讨正常形态精子比率对宫腔内人工授精（IUI）临床妊娠率的影响。方法回顾分析328个周期宫腔内人工授精临床资料,根据男方精子形态学检查结果分为三组：正常形态精子百分率≥4%、2%～〈4%、〈2%,比较各组间精液处理前后精子浓度、活力、前向运动精子总数以及IUI临床妊娠率。结果处理前精子浓度、活力及前向运动精子总数各组间比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）,处理后精子浓度、活力、前向运动精子总数各组间比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,≥4%、2%～〈4%、〈2%各组临床妊娠率分别为19.5%、17.9%、2.6%,有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论正常形态精子比率影响IUI临床妊娠率,正常形态精子百分率≥2%可获得较满意的临床妊娠率。     

42例节育器异位诊疗分析

目的：探讨宫内节育器异位的原因、诊断方法,分析IUD异位的危险因素、处理方法。方法回顾性分析42例节育器异位的临床资料。结果爱母环占61.90%（26/42）,O形环占28.57%（12/42）,T环形占4.76%（21/42）,吉妮环占4.76%（2/42）;爱母环发生异位的机率明显高于其它类型节育器;位于子宫肌层内30例,穿破浆膜层4例;子宫外异位：位于盆腔内6例,阔韧带后叶3例;爱母环的一条金属臂穿入乙状结肠1例,穿入宫旁1例,1例位于右上腹大网膜内,1例位于肠管表面。取器方式利用宫腔镜、腹腔镜、宫腹腔镜联合、膀胱镜及开腹等方式,均成功。有随访记录的14例占33.4%,其中,术后1＋月随访3例占7.1%,1年内随访者有12例占21.4%,3年内随访者2例占4.8%,无随访者28例占66.7%。节育环异位穿孔率无随访者高于有随访记录者。在节育器异位患者中,上环后有再次妊娠15例占35.7%。结论选择合适的节育器,适宜的安环时间可减少节育器异位的发生。充分术前评估,选择适宜的手术方式、及时、合理转换术式是取环成功的关键。     

三维超声造影在诊断宫腔粘连中的应用价值

目的探讨三维超声造影(3D-CEUS)在诊断宫腔粘中的应用价值。方法对71例经阴道三维超声(3DTVS)检查提示怀疑宫腔粘连的患者行宫腔镜检查,以宫腔镜检查为金标准,比较两者诊断宫腔粘连的准确率;在月经20~23d对3D-TVS诊断疑似宫腔粘连的患者行声诺维(sonovue)3D-CEUS检查,获得内膜厚度、容积(V)、回声强度(MG)、血管指数(VI)、血流指数(FI)、血管血流综合指数(VFI)等相关指标;对经sonovue 3D-CEUS疑似宫腔粘连的的患者,于月经第3~7天行宫腔镜检查,回顾性分析不同程度宫腔粘连的患者与3D-CEUS获得的V、MG、VI、FI、VFI值的关系。结果 3DTVS与宫腔镜比较,3D-TVS诊断宫腔粘连的符合率是90.14%;宫腔镜检查轻、中、重度3组,各组间子宫内膜厚度和容积比较均有显著性差异(P0.05);轻度和重度组子宫内膜MG分别(39.75±7.46)、(45.64±6.10),其差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);轻度和重度组组间子宫内膜VI、FI、VFI相比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05),而中度组与其它两组比较均无显著性差异(P0.05)。经静脉推注30mg sonovue造影剂后,3D-CEUS检查结果显示:3组内膜血流VI值分别较造影前显著增加(P0.001),轻度和重度、中度和重度组的内膜VI、FI、VFI相比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 3DCEUS检查不仅可以较准确的诊断宫腔粘连,而且通过计算机辅助分析技术对宫腔粘连患者子宫内膜V、MG、VI、FI、VFI进行定量测量,对宫腔粘连的程度有更客观的评价。