早发型败血症早产儿脐血培养价值研究

背景　新生儿败血症是导致早产儿死亡的主要原因之一,尤其是早发型败血症（EOS）,因此早诊断、及时治疗尤为重要。血培养是诊断败血症的金标准,但新生儿外周血采血量有限,而脐血作为新生儿出生后最早的血液标本,血量充分,且收集方便。目的　探讨EOS早产儿脐血培养的临床应用价值,同时观察脐血培养阳性患儿炎性指标变化,以期为EOS的临床治疗提供依据。方法　选取天津医科大学第二医院2018年6月-2019年6月疑似或确诊宫内感染的产妇及其早产儿（胎龄≤37周）共150对,其中102例早产儿诊断为EOS,48例早产儿未诊断为EOS。于早产儿出生后即刻留取脐血,出生后24 h内留取外周静脉血,行血培养。分别于EOS患儿出生后0~<24、24~<48、48~72 h检测炎性指标〔超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、降钙素原（PCT）、白细胞计数（WBC）、血小板计数（PLT）〕,比较脐血培养阳性与脐血培养阴性EOS患儿不同时间炎性指标。EOS患儿脐血、外周血培养报警阳性后,进行脐血、外周血细菌鉴定。结果　EOS患儿脐血培养阳性率〔19.6%（20/102）〕与外周血培养阳性率〔16.7%（17/102）〕比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。非EOS患儿脐血、外周血培养阳性率均为0。脐血培养阳性EOS患儿出生后0~<24、24~<48、48~72 h hs-CRP、PCT高于脐血培养阴性EOS患儿（P<0.05）;脐血培养阳性EOS患儿出生后0~<24 h WBC低于脐血培养阴性EOS患儿（P<0.05）;脐血培养阳性EOS患儿出生后48~72 h PLT低于脐血培养阴性EOS患儿（P<0.05）。EOS患儿脐血培养共鉴定出20株致病菌,其中革兰阳性菌15株（包括葡萄球菌10株、单核细胞增生李斯特菌3株、无乳链球菌2株）,革兰阴性菌5株（包括大肠埃希菌3株、肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种1株、鲍曼不动杆菌1株）。EOS患儿外周血培养共鉴定出17株致病菌,其中15例患儿外周血培养鉴定结果与脐血培养鉴定结果一致。结论　EOS患儿脐血培养阳性率与外周血培养阳性率相似,但脐血取血方便,留血量充分,有利于进行EOS的诊断。新生儿出生后若hs-CRP、PCT升高,WBC、PLT降低,提示可能存在EOS,可酌情调整抗生素用药,并依据细菌培养结果及时确定抗感染疗程及进一步诊治方案。     

Preliminary trial in treatment of postpartum endometritis with intrauterine application of hyperimmune serum in dairy cows

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of hyperimmune serum (HS) in treatment of postpartum endometritis.MethodsIn a field trial, cows with vaginal discharge, 25–35 d in milk were randomly assigned to three treatment groups. In group 1 (n=42), cows received an intrauterine treatment with 50 mL HS. HS was produced against Arcanobacterium pyogenes and Escherichia coli that had already been isolated from the Iranian dairy farms. In group 2 (n=39), cows were treated with one intrauterine infusion of 5 g oxytetracycline (OTC). In group 3 (n=65), cows affected with endometritis were treated with 0.5 mg cloprostenol (PG). Group 4 (n=89) included clinically healthy cows as control (HC) group without any treatment in groups HS, OTC and PG; all cows were re-examined 39–49 d in milk.ReultsCure rate after treatment defined as the absence of vaginal discharge at the re-examination, was 64.3%, 61.5% and 72.3% in HS, OTC and PG groups, respectively (P>0.05). Cows categorized as E1 and E2 showed higher cure rate and reproductive performance measures than E3 cows in both treatment groups but their differences were not significant. Conception rate to all services for cows with endometritis (category E1, E2 and E3) was 52.9% in HS group, 57.1% in OTC and in PG 62.1% compared to 66.7% in HC (P>0.05). The difference in the conception rate between the HS and HC group was not significant.ConclusionsWe suggest that HS could be the no antibiotic alternative treatment choice for postpartum endometritis in dairy cattle.     

阴道内镜技术在诊治无性生活女性宫内病变中的临床应用

目的分析及评估以阴道内镜技术治疗无性生活女性宫腔内疾病的临床效果。 方法回顾性分析2016年3月至2022年3月,73例无性生活女性行阴道内镜手术的完成情况、手术时间、术中出血量、平均住院时间、术中镜下诊断与术后病理情况、术后及随访情况。 结果73例患者均成功实施阴道内镜诊疗,其中宫腔镜下子宫肌瘤电切术34例、宫腔镜下宫颈息肉电切19例、宫腔镜下子宫内膜息肉电切15例、宫腔镜下宫颈肌瘤电切3例、宫腔镜下生殖道畸形整形2例。73例手术均顺利完成,手术时间12~130 min,平均(54.2±30.0)min。平均术中出血量(12.4±16.0)ml。平均住院时间(3.6±1.9)d。术中镜下诊断,34例子宫肌瘤(其中FIGO 0型7例、FIGO 1型10例、FIGO 2型12例、FIGO 3型1例、弥漫性子宫肌瘤病4例)、19例宫颈息肉、15例子宫内膜息肉、3例宫颈肌瘤、2例生殖道畸形。所有患者无一例损伤处女膜及宫颈,无子宫穿孔、严重TURP等并发症。所有患者术后及随访过程中,无阴道异常分泌物、阴道异常出血、腹痛、发热等不良反应。 结论阴道内镜手术技术在有效治疗妇科下生殖道疾病的同时,可有效保护处女膜的完整性,对无性生活女性患者的身心健康均加以保护。     

Predictors of Early Discontinuation of Effective Contraception by Teens at High Risk of Pregnancy

Study ObjectiveIn the United States, teen pregnancy rates are declining. However, the United States still has the highest teen pregnancy rate among high-income countries. Understanding factors that predict discontinuation of effective contraception might help to further decrease teen pregnancy. We aimed to assess predictors of early discontinuation of effective contraception during typical use by high-risk teens.Design, Setting, Participants, Interventions, and Main Outcome MeasuresWe recruited 145 women aged 13-20 years (mean, 17.7 ± 1.8 years); 68% (99/145) Hispanic; 26% (38/145) black; 14% (20/145) ever pregnant; and 4% (6/145) high school dropouts who chose an effective contraceptive method during a health care visit and we prospectively assessed use of the method after 6 months. Contraceptive choices of the 130 participants who were reassessed at 6 months (90% retention) were: intrauterine device (IUD), 26% (34/130); depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), 8% (10/130); combined oral contraceptives (COCs), 48% (62/130); transdermal patch (Patch), 13% (17/130); and intravaginal ring (Ring), 5% (7/130).ResultsAfter 6 months, only 49 of 130 (38%) continued their chosen method; 28 of 130 (22%) never initiated the method; and 53 of 130 (40%) discontinued. Users and nonusers at 6 months did not differ according to cultural and/or social characteristics (age, ethnicity, acculturation, education, health literacy) but differed according to contraceptive method type. For the 102 of 130 who initiated a method, 88% continued use of the IUD, 20% DMPA, 43% COC, 17% Patch and Ring (P < .001). Using Cox proportional hazards multivariable analysis, compared with IUDs, all other methods predicted discontinuation: DMPA (hazard ratio [HR], 5.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-26.7; P < .05); COCs (HR, 6.6; 95% CI, 1.8-25; P < .01); Patch and Ring (HR, 12; 95% CI, 3.0-48; P < .001). Discontinuation was also predicted by past use of hormonal contraceptives (HR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.0-3.6; P < .05) and high school dropout (HR, 8.2; 95% CI, 1.6-41; P < .01).ConclusionContraceptive method type is the strongest predictor of early discontinuation; compared with IUDs, all other methods are 6-12 times more likely to be discontinued. Cultural and/or social characteristics, with the exception of school dropout, are of little predictive value. Increasing the use of IUDs by high-risk teens could decrease discontinuation rates and possibly teen pregnancy rates.     

Markers of early endothelial dysfunction in intrauterine growth restriction-derived human umbilical vein endothelial cells revealed by 2D-DIGE and mass spectrometry analyses

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) associates with fetal and placental vascular dysfunction, and increased cardiovascular risk later on life. We hypothesize that endothelial cells derived from IUGR umbilical veins present significant changes in the proteome which could be involved in the endothelial dysfunction associated to this conditions. To address this the proteome profile of human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVEC) isolated from control and IUGR pregnancies was compared by 2D-Differential In Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE) and further protein identification by MALDI-TOF MS. Using 2D-DIGE 124 spots were identified as differentially expressed between control and IUGR HUVEC, considering a cut-off of 2 fold change, which represented ∼10% of the total spots detected. Further identification by MALDI-TOF MS and in silico clustering of the proteins showed that those differentially expressed proteins between control and IUGR HUVEC were mainly related with cytoskeleton organization, proteasome degradation, oxidative stress response, mRNA processing, chaperones and vascular function. Finally Principal Component analysis of the identified proteins showed that differentially expressed proteins allow distinguishing between control and IUGR HUVEC based on their proteomic profile. This study demonstrates for the first time that IUGR-derived HUVEC maintained in primary culture conditions present an altered proteome profile, which could reflect an abnormal programming of endothelial function in this fetal condition.     

Routes of delivery for progesterone and progestins

The trends in postmenopausal hormonal therapy (HT) seem to favor the non-oral delivery routes for both the estrogen and the progestin for women with an intact uterus. Targeting the lowest possible dose of the progestin or of the natural hormone progesterone to be delivered directly to the uterus, the target organ for which it is designed, would avoid the possible drawbacks of systemic effects of progestins on other targets. Several delivery systems are either available or in development including vaginal gels and vaginal rings delivering the physiological hormone progesterone or intrauterine systems delivering very low doses of levonorgestrel. In addition, transdermal gels and spray are under development and can deliver very low doses of Nestorone a 19-norprogesterone derivative, not active orally but with high progestational activity when given via non-oral routes. The assumption that these new delivery systems should lead to an improved risk/benefit ratio in HT will need to be demonstrated in larger randomized controlled studies.     

1 251例重复人工流产术后落实不同避孕方法的效果评价

目的：评价重复人工流产术后即时落实不同避孕方法的效果。方法：1 251例重复人工流产者接受流产后服务（PAC）,自愿选择并即时落实避孕方法,随访不同避孕方法的使用情况及不良反应等。结果：所有重复流产者接受PAC后均即时落实避孕措施,其中复方口服避孕药（COC）组随访12个月续用率达31.2%;宫内节育系统（IUS）组随访12个月有3例因有生育要求取出,其余均坚持使用,另外有19例、13例和17例分别于随访3、6、12个月自COC组转入;宫内节育器（IUD）组随访12个月有1例异位妊娠,6例因有生育要求取出,其余均坚持使用,另外有23例、31例和19例分别于随访3、6、12个月自COC组转入。随访中发现部分人群有阴道点滴出血、经量减少、经量增多、闭经、节育环下移和腰酸不适等不良反应,给予处理并充分解释后均继续坚持使用。结论：科学有效的PAC能有效避免重复流产,保护女性生殖健康。     

枸橼酸西地那非对宫腔粘连术后冻融胚胎移植妊娠结局的影响

目的：观察枸橼酸西地那非（万艾可）对宫腔粘连（intrauterine adhesion,IUA）分离术后冻融胚胎移植（frozen embryo transfer,FET）患者妊娠结局的影响。方法：选择2017年1-12月在南京医科大学附属妇产医院行FET的不孕症患者,在进入FET周期前宫腔镜检查确诊IUA,行宫腔镜下IUA分离术,术后复查宫腔镜显示宫腔形态正常行FET,共310例。根据患者是否添加枸橼酸西地那非将患者分为2组,其中A组（对照组）实施激素替代周期FET,共190例;B组（治疗组）为激素替代周期并在患者月经干净后每日阴道给予枸橼酸西地那非50 mg,应用至移植前,共120例。首先比较2组患者的妊娠结局,其次将A组及B组患者进一步分为轻度IUA组和中重度IUA组,比较2组之间的差异。结果：B组临床妊娠率［50.83%（61/120）］高于A组［34.74%（66/190）］,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;B组胚胎种植率［31.17%（72/231）］略高于A组［21.82%（79/362）］,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。与A组相比,B组轻度IUA患者的临床妊娠率与胚胎种植率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;B组中重度IUA患者的临床妊娠率［44.78%（30/67）］及胚胎种植率［28.46%（37/130）］均高于A组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。2组间流产率和异位妊娠率比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论：应用枸橼酸西地那非可提高IUA术后患者子宫内膜容受性,尤其对中重度IUA术后患者可显著提高其FET妊娠率。     

精液参数对宫腔内人工授精妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨精液参数对宫腔内人工授精妊娠结局的影响,为需要IUI患者提供参考。方法回顾性分析2010年7月-2016年10月在吉林大学第一医院接受IUI治疗的511对不孕症夫妇,共完成1090个周期。比较分析男女双方年龄、不孕年限、原发性或继发性不孕、处理前精子的活力、浓度、总数、前向精子运动总数(TMS)及处理后前向运动精子活动总数(PTMS)与IUI临床妊娠率间的关系。结果1090个IUI周期共获得130个妊娠周期,周期妊娠率为11.93%,女方年龄、不孕年限在妊娠组与非妊娠组中比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。处理前精子的活力、浓度、总数、TMS、PTMS等参数比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示精液常规各项参数与临床妊娠率均无明显相关性(P>0.05)。结论在IUI中女方年龄、不孕年限可影响IUI临床妊娠率;各项精液参数与IUI临床妊娠率无明显相关性,不能有效预测此类型患者IUI的临床妊娠结局。