Management of abdominal sepsis

Introduction: Today the management of the different forms of peritonitis is generally standardised. The classification of primary and secondary peritonitis is well accepted. From a pathophysiological point of view, postoperative and post-traumatic peritonitis should be considered as independent entities. The bacteriological isolates from the inflamed peritoneal cavity do not correlate with the clinical course, and the occurrence of enterococci and bacteroides may be slightly related to ongoing infectious complications. Classification: Valuable scoring systems mainly rely on systemic signs of the septic disease and seem to better differentiate the prognosis of the disease than more surgically oriented scores do. Although the scoring systems did not allow any clinical decision, they should be used to help better compare patients treated in different institutions. The observation of the minor relevance of bacteriology and the superiority of general sepsis scores agrees with the fact that pre-existing septic organ dysfunction and pre-existing comorbidity are the main determinants of mortality. Treatment: Surgical therapy focuses on the control of the source of infection because it has been clearly shown that, without resolving the source of infection, the prognosis remains poor. Adjuvant surgical measures aim at the further reduction of the bacterial load in the peritoneal cavity. Planned relaparotomy, relaparotomy on demand, and continuous closed peritoneal lavage are used. Results: Clinical results proved these methods to be equally effective although pathophysiological considerations favour closed peritoneal lavage. Conclusion: Summarising the available data, we need a more sophisticated understanding of the pathophysiology of the peritonitis, and well-designed clinical studies are necessary to define the optimal surgical treatment modalities. Received: 27 November 1997     

Intestinal plethora: An early sign of acute posttraumatic hepatic artery-portal vein arteriovenous fistula

Traumatic communications between the hepatic artery or its branches and the portal vein or its tributaries usually are clinically occult until the late sequelae of portal hypertension, such as esophageal and mesenteric varices, ascites, or congestive heart failure, become manifest. The authors describe the early diagnosis of such a lesion by computed tomography. The CT findings included a hepatic hematoma and, more significantly, diffuse thickening of the small and large bowel wall. This thickening represents vascular congestion of the bowel caused by acute portal hypertension prior to the development of decompressing portal collateral circuits. When this CT finding is not associated with other signs of intestinal ischemia or infarction, it should suggest portal hypertension and lead to arteriography for diagnosis and therapy of arterioportal fistula.     

肝动脉化疗,栓塞与肝静脉暂时闭塞治疗肝癌

本文报道在10例肝癌患者中运用肝静脉暂时闭塞和肝动脉内灌注化疗、栓塞的方法治疗取得较好疗效。7例甲胎蛋白阳性患者5例下降大于50%,2例转阴。4例肿瘤缩小>50%。2例合并肝动-静脉瘘者成功实行碘油栓塞,1例经治疗后肝动-静脉瘘消失。对肝功能的影响与普通介入治疗相同。消化道反应相对较轻。并可提高肿瘤局部药物浓度,延长药物作用时间。配合肝段动脉或靶血管的插管可进一步提高疗效,减少并发症。     

Fluid and solid mechanical implications of vascular stenting

Vascular stents have emerged as an effective treatment for occlusive vascular disease. Despite their success and widespread use, outcomes for patients receiving stents are still hampered by thrombosis and restensosis. As arteries attempt to adapt to the mechanical changes created by stents, they may in fact create a new flow-limiting situation similar to that which they were intended to correct. In vitro fluid mechanics and solid mechanics studies of stented vessels have revealed important information about how stents alter the mechanical environment in the arteries into which they are placed. Adverse nonlaminar flow patterns have been demonstrated as well as remarkably high stress concentrations in the vessel wall. In vivo studies of stented vessels have also shown a strong relationship between stent design and their dynamic performance within arteries. Alterations in pressure and flow pulses distal to the stent have been observed, as well as regional changes in vascular compliance. Considering the influence of flow and stress on the vascular response and the suboptimal clinical outcomes associated with stenting, knowledge gained from stent/artery mechanics studies should play an increasingly important role in improving the long-term patency of these devices. © 2002 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC2002: 8719Rr, 8780-y, 8719Uv     

基于CT的三维数字化导航技术在肺癌介入微波消融治疗中的应用价值

目的 在肺癌微波消融治疗中探究基于CT的三维数字化导航技术的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析我院收治的92例肺癌患者,随机进行三维数字化导航微波消融或传统CT引导下微波消融,分为三维导航组和传统组,依据肿瘤位置、大小（最大径差值≤2 mm）及微波消融条件不同两两配对,共46对,比较2组手术时间、微波针穿刺次数、CT剂量指数、术中并发症发生率、术后病灶控制情况。结果 三维导航组与传统组的手术时间分别为（30.07 ± 6.36）min、（47.20 ± 9.65）min、穿刺次数分别为（1.72 ± 0.69）次、（7.13 ± 3.00）次、CT剂量指数分别为（11.16 ± 2.20）mGy、（26.67 ± 8.72）mGy、术中并发症发生率分别为10.87%、34.78%,以上3个指标三维导航组均低于传统组,三维导航组治疗有效率（93.48%）高于传统组（71.74%）,差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。结论 CT引导下利用三维数字化导航技术行肺癌微波消融治疗,使介入穿刺手术的操作更加精准安全。     

早期认知-行为干预对冠心病介入治疗患者心功能及自我管理能力的影响

目的 观察早期认知-行为干预对冠心病介入治疗患者心功能及自我管理能力的影响。方法 将2019年2月至2021年2月于我院接受介入治疗的100例冠心病患者随机分为观察组与对照组各50例。对照组予以常规护理,观察组在对照组基础上实施早期认知-行为干预。对比两组的心功能[左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)及左室后壁厚度(LVPWd)]、自我管理能力。结果 护理后,观察组的LVEF高于对照组, LVEDD、 LVPWd低于对照组(P<0.05)。护理后,观察组症状管理、角色功能、情绪控制、沟通能力评分均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 早期认知-行为干预可显著改善冠心病介入治疗患者心功能状态与自我管理能力,促进其病情恢复,值得临床推广应用。     

早期股骨头缺血坏死介入治疗的探讨（附15例报告）

目的：探索早期股骨头缺血性坏死的介入治疗方法及效果。方法：采用seldinger穿刺方法超选择插管至患侧旋股内,外动脉,注入治疗药物（溶栓,扩血管,改善微循环等）。介入前后分别血管造影,以观察血管数及近期疗效。结果：介入治疗后患髋股头颈区血管数较治疗前增多（P＜0．001）,髋关节疼痛缓解,功能改善。结论：对早期股骨头缺血性坏死实施介入治疗,能够改善患髋的血液循环,减轻临床症状,改善关节功能,是一种微创安全有效的新方法,对远期疗效和治疗机理尚有待进一步观察和研究。     

经旋股内侧动脉深支和旋股外侧动脉升支介入治疗股骨头缺血性坏死的应用解剖

对 50例成人下肢标本的旋股内侧动脉深支和旋股外侧动脉升支的起源、起点、外径、走行、分布以及经这二支血管介入有关的结构进行观测 ,为介入治疗股骨头缺血性坏死提供更接近病变部位及可进行插管的血管。结果表明 ,旋股外侧动脉升支与横支共干起自旋股外侧动脉者占 68% ,升支单独起自旋股外侧动脉占 2 6 % ;旋股内侧动脉深支由旋股内侧动脉主干延续而来。旋股内、外侧动脉深支或升支起点外径分别为 3 0± 0 8mm、 2 8± 0 7mm。从股动脉的起点 ,经股深动脉、旋股外侧动脉至其升支长度为 7 1± 1 1cm ;经股深动脉、旋股内侧动脉至其深支长度为 5 6± 1 4cm。旋股内侧动脉与其深支间约呈 90 。 角 ;旋股外侧动脉与其升支间约呈 1 33。 角。旋股内、外侧动脉深支 (升支 )为营养股骨头和颈的血管 ,这二支血管符合导管插入要求     

Flexible tantalum stents: Effects in the stenotic canine urethra

Purpose Evaluate the effects of flexible tantalum stents (Strecker) implanted into stenotic canine urethras.Methods Eight conditioned, adult, German shepherd dogs, weighing 30–40 kg, were used. Strictures were created surgically in the bulbar urethra just proximal to the os penis. Two months postsurgery, strictures were documented radiographically and then balloon dilated. Following dilatation, a single Strecker stent was placed across the stricture. Stents were 7 mm in expanded diameter and either 2 or 4 cm in length. Retrograde urethrography was performed immediately after stent placement and then biweekly for up to 12 months. Two dogs were sacrificed at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months post-stenting, and necropsy was performed. The urethra was excised, fixed, and examined by scanning electron and light microscopy.Results Clinical success was achieved without complications in all animals. Hyperplasia of the urothelium was noted 4–6 weeks after stent placement and was most pronounced at 4–6 months. Mucosal folds were found between the stent struts. Restenosis occurred at the distal end of the stent in one dog. Histological alterations were noted in the deeper layers of the urethral wall.Conclusion Strecker stents were well tolerated in all animals and seem useful for the treatment of urethral strictures.Presented at CIRSE Annual Meeting and Postgraduate Course, Budapest, June 20–24, 1993     

Preliminary experience with interactive guided brain biopsies using a vertically opened 0.5-T MR system

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of brain biopsies performed within a vertically opened MR system. We worked with the interventional 0.5-T MR “SIGNA SP” (General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, Wis.) with an integrated tracking device “Flashpoint Position Encoder” (Image Guided Technologies, USA). As a holding device for this instrument we constructed a special frame. The whole system allows an exact adjustment of an optimum biopsy direction and guidance of the biopsy in a non-stereotactic, interactive mode in near real-time. As biopsy tools we used MR-compatible aspiration and specially made side-cut needles (Daum, Germany; E-Z-EM, USA). We performed a prospective diagnostic brain biopsy study in 18 patients. Guidance of the needle was carried out using gradient-echo single-slice technique. The sample was taken after controlling the exact position of the needle tip on spin-echo images. In 12 cases an exact neuropathological diagnosis was possible. In 6 cases of negative biopsy (4 aspiration biopsies) the samples were not representative. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of interactive MR-guided minimally invasive brain biopsies in an open MR system. The best results were achieved using cut needles for biopsies of contrast-enhancing lesions visible on T1-weighted gradient-echo guidance sequence. Received: 2 February 1998; Revision received: 13 July 1998; Accepted: 2 September 1998