静脉药物加药口消毒及使用医用输液瓶口贴的必要性研究

目的 研究静脉药物加药口消毒和使用医用输液瓶口贴的必要性。方法 在静脉药物配置中心的洁净操作环境下,向60个批次的静脉输液中加入10ml灭菌注射用水模拟配置加药过程,参照《中国药典》2010版二部附录Ⅺ J中细菌计数方法,对消毒组和未消毒组、使用密封消毒袋后医用输液瓶口贴组和未使用组的微生物污染情况进行统计分析。结果 消毒组和未消毒组在统计学意义上有显著差异（P>0.05）,在使用密封消毒袋后,贴医用输液瓶口贴组和未贴组在统计学意义上没有显著差异。结论 配制静脉药物时,加药口需要进行消毒以减少加药时微生物污染的风险,使用密封消毒袋后,30 min内静脉输液在病区使用不需要贴医用输液瓶口贴。     

中国经食道超声心动图探头清洗消毒指南

经食道超声心动图(TEE)检查在临床应用广泛,对于常规门诊、住院以及围术期患者的监测,可以提供经胸超声心动图不可替代的丰富信息。TEE检查不仅需要遵循规范的操作指南,而且规范化的清洁和消毒也至关重要,从而保障患者检查的安全性。由于缺少符合我国特色的TEE探头清洁和消毒的专家共识意见,导致个别诊疗单位的TEE探头存在清洁不彻底,消毒不规范等问题,存在安全隐患。因此,由TEE临床应用的中国专家共识专家组参考国内外相关法规、指南以及专家共识,共同制订相关指南。     

Fluticasone in mild to moderate atopic dermatitis relapse: A randomized controlled trial

Background

The long-term efficacy of corticosteroids to prevent atopic dermatitis (AD) relapses has partially been addressed in children. This study compared an intermittent dosing regimen of fluticasone propionate (FP) cream 0.05% with its vehicle base in reducing the risk of relapse in children with stabilized AD.

Physician complicity in human rights violations: Involuntary sterilization among women from Mexico and Central America seeking asylum in the United States

Involuntary sterilization is a violation of human rights and grounds for asylum in the United States. Forensic medical evaluations can be useful in documenting this form of persecution and supporting asylees’ claims for immigration relief. We conducted a retrospective case analysis of the personal and medical affidavits of 14 asylum-seeking women from four Latin America countries who all reported they had been involuntarily sterilized. Sixty-four percent said that “consent” was coerced; the remainder were unaware of having been sterilized at the time of the procedure. In all cases, findings on hysterosalpingogram were consistent with sterilization, revealing that all 14 had undergone a tubal ligation. Eighty-six percent of the women had been sterilized at the time of childbirth. The healthcare providers involved in the 14 cases failed to obtain informed consent, misled patients about sterilization, engaged in discriminatory behavior, and/or breached patient confidentiality regarding their HIV-status. All 14 asylum cases were defensive; of the 7 cases (50%) that have been decided to date, 100% have been granted asylum.     

Intermittent ethanol exposure in adolescent rats: dose-dependent impairments in trace conditioning

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have revealed that the adolescent brain may be especially vulnerable to ethanol-induced toxicity. Corticolimbic regions are more severely damaged following ethanol exposure during adolescence than during adulthood. The consequences of adolescent ethanol exposure on cognition however, have only recently begun to be explored. METHODS: Male and female rats were administered 0, 1.5, 2.5 or 4.5 g/kg ethanol (20% v/v) by acute intragastric gavage during adolescence (postnatal days [PD] 28, 30, 32 and 34). On PD 40, half of the subjects in each dose group were given 5 pairings of a 10-sec flashing light (CS; conditioned stimulus) immediately followed by mild footshock (US; unconditioned stimulus), a procedure known as delay conditioning. The other half were also given 5 CS-US pairings, but the US was presented 10 sec after CS offset, a procedure known as trace conditioning. All subjects were tested for CS-elicited freezing 24 h later. RESULTS: There was no effect of adolescent ethanol exposure on delay conditioned responding, with all subjects demonstrating comparable levels of CS-elicited freezing. In contrast, the amount of freezing in the trace conditioned subjects was negatively correlated with prior ethanol dose. Specifically, exposure to 2.5 or 4.5 g/kg during adolescence resulted in a deficit in trace conditioned responding. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that intermittent exposure to ethanol during adolescence results in impairment in hippocampal-dependent trace conditioning that persists beyond the period of ethanol exposure. Delay conditioning was unaffected by prior ethanol treatment, indicating that there was no difficulty in detecting the CS or US, or in the ability to engage in freezing behavior. These results suggest that the adolescent brain may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of repeated exposure to ethanol that can have consequences for nonspatial, hippocampal-dependent cognitive abilities.     

间歇经口至食管管饲法对重型颅脑损伤患者功能恢复的影响

目的 观察间歇经口至食管管饲法(IOE)对重型颅脑损伤伴气切患者功能恢复的影响。 方法 采用随机数字表法将98例重型颅脑损伤伴气切患者分为观察组及对照组。2组患者均常规给予营养神经、抗感染、物理因子治疗、针灸及运动干预等,观察组患者入科评估后采用IOE管进行间歇置管营养支持,对照组患者入科后采用鼻胃管管饲法(NGT)进行营养支持。于入组时、治疗4周后对2组患者营养状况、并发症发生率、气切套管拔管时间和拔管率、格拉斯哥昏迷量表（GCS）评分进行比较。 结果 治疗4周后观察组患者血红蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白含量［分别为（119.69±12.85）g/L、（40.30±3.43）g/L和（234.88±46.31）mg/L］及体重指数［（20.71±2.38）kg/m2］均显著优于对照组水平(P<0.05);同时观察组并发症总体发生率、气切套管拔管率（87%）、气切套管保留时间［（16.93±3.64）d］及GCS评分［（8.65±1.95）分］亦显著优于对照组水平(P<0.05)。 结论 IOE较NGT能更有效改善重型颅脑损伤伴气切患者营养状况及意识水平,有助于尽早拔除气切套管及抑制并发症发生。     

Contribution of sleep characteristics to the association between obstructive sleep apnea and dyslipidemia

Objectives/backgroundLittle information is available about the association of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with atherogenic dyslipidemia and the contribution of sleep characteristics to lipid alterations. We compare dyslipidemia prevalence among non-apneic subjects and mild-severe OSA patients to identify the sleep characteristics that are independently associated with dyslipidemia and serum lipid levels in OSA patients.Patients/methodsWe recruited 809 consecutive patients who had been referred for polysomnography study by OSA suspicion. Anthropometric characteristics, body composition and comorbidities were recorded. Spirometry and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were performed the same day of the sleep study. The day after attended polysomnography, fasting blood samples were drawn to measure the lipid profile.ResultsDyslipidemia prevalence increased with the presence of OSA, from non-OSA subjects to mild, moderate and severe OSA patients (31%, 33%, 42% and 51%, respectively; p < 0.001). After adjusting for sex, age, body mass index and smoking habit, only severe OSA had an independent association with dyslipidemia when compared to non-OSA subjects (adjusted odds ratio 1.71, 95%CI 1.09 to 2.69, p = 0.019). In OSA patients, multivariate logistic regression identified active smoking, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and mean nocturnal saturation as variables independently associated with dyslipidemia. However, in these patients, arousal index, slow wave sleep duration and REM latency were also independently associated with cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels.ConclusionsThe association between dyslipidemia and OSA is limited to severe patients, with high AHI and nocturnal hypoxemia. However, sleep fragmentation and increased sympathetic activity could also contribute to OSA-related lipid dysregulation.