冠心病传统心血管病危险因素的评价

目的探讨传统的心血管病危险因素对冠心病(CHD)的价值。方法对283例急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者传统的心血管病危险因素(性别、年龄、高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、吸烟)作回顾性分析。结果男女CHD均以老年多见(χ2=15.204,P<0.001));<60岁男女对比差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.803,P<0.01);283例CHD患者仅高血压与其它各危险因素对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),等级相关及回归分析仅高血压与CHD有显著相关(r=0.993,t=15.654,P<0.001)。男性CHD以合并高血压及吸烟因素居多,女性CHD以高血压及糖尿病因素居多,男女CHD对比吸烟、糖尿病因素差异均有统计学意义(χ2=23.916、χ2=11.740,P<0.001)。高TG、低HDL-C与高TC、高LDL-C对比均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。除外性别、年龄随着危险因素数目的增多CHD增加,合并2个危险因素组最多见,为35.3%,2个以上危险因素组冠心病并未随着危险因素增多而增加。结论老年、高血压是CHD独立的危险因素;吸烟是男性CHD主要的危险因素,糖尿病是女性CHD主要的危险因素;男女CHD患病率与年龄有关,<60岁时男性CHD发病率高于女性;血脂异常中高TG、低HDL-C为CHD主要的危险因素;CHD合并2个危险因素最多见。CHD的防治不仅要重视高危人群,也要加强低危人群的宣教和预防,综合干预和积极控制已明确的危险因素,可能对降低心血管疾病的发病率和死亡率具有积极作用。     

产质粒介导AmpC酶大肠埃希菌中整合子的检测

目的探讨大肠埃希菌产质粒介导AmpC酶对抗生素的耐药情况,以及整合子的存在状况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法收集河南省人民医院临床分离大肠埃希菌,对头孢西丁耐药株以酶提取物改良三维试验筛选高产AmpC酶株;多重PCR和DNA测序分析质粒AmpC基因型;用PCR-限制片段长度多态性（RFLP）初筛整合子并分型,PCR扩增整合子的可变区并测序。结果 126株大肠埃希菌中,检出产质粒介导AmpC酶14株（26.9%）,对筛出的耐药菌株采用琼脂对倍稀释法检测耐药性;多重PCR扩增分析示：其基因型均为CMY-2型。8株耐药菌株检出1类整合子,序列分析显示存在aadA4、aadA5、aadB、cm lA、cm lA1、和dfr17基因盒,它们分别介导对氨基糖苷类抗生素、氯霉素和甲氧苄明的耐药。结论治疗产质粒介导AmpC酶的细菌感染时,应以第四代头孢菌素和碳青霉烯类抗生素为首选。我院大肠埃希菌临床分离株产质粒介导AmpC率较高,其基因型为CMY-2型,而相关耐药基因盒并未位于整合子上。     

Class 1 integrons and resistance gene cassettes among multidrug resistant Salmonella serovars isolated from slaughter animals and foods of animal origin in Ethiopia

The present study was undertaken to identify and characterize integrons and integrated resistance gene cassettes among multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella isolates from slaughter animals and food products of animal origin in Ethiopia. A total of 98 epidemiologically unrelated Salmonella isolates comprising 13 serovars were characterized using serotyping, phage typing, antimicrobial resistance testing and the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method. Integron-PCR was used to detect the presence of class 1 and class 2 integrons in the MDR strains. The associated individual resistance gene cassettes were identified using specific PCRs and DNA sequencing. The location of the integrons was determined by Southern blot hybridization analysis. Among the Salmonella serovars, a high level of antimicrobial resistance was found to streptomycin (82.6%), tetracycline (75.5%), sulfamethoxazole (60.2%), spectinomycin (53.1%), ampicillin (42.8%), nalidixic acid (34.7%), nitrofurantoin (30.6%), trimethoprim (27.5%), gentamicin (20.4%) and ciprofloxacin (19.4%). Class 1 integrons were detected in 53.1% of the MDR isolates comprising serovars Anatum, Braenderup, Kentucky, Saintpaul and Typhimurium. Of the class 1 integron positive isolates 61.5% harboured the integron-associated gene cassettes: aadA2, aadA2+bla(PSE-1), dfrA1-aadA1 and dfrA12-orf-aadA2 (amplicon sizes 1000 bp, 1000+1200 bp, 1600 bp and 1900 bp, respectively). The chromosomally located aadA2 and aadA2+bla(PSE-1) resistance gene cassettes occurred exclusively in S. Typhimurium DT104 isolates, the other cassettes were found on large plasmids in several serovars. An aacCA5-aadA7 gene cassette array (amplicon size 1600 bp) was exclusively found in all MDR S. Kentucky strains of R type Str/SpeSmxGenNalAmpTetCipCef and this integron was shown to be chromosomally located. Results of the present study indicate that class 1 integrons carrying gene cassettes, which confer resistance to different classes of antimicrobials such as aminoglycosides, beta-lactams and trimethoprim are widespread among the MDR Salmonella serovars isolated from slaughter animals and food products of animal origin in Ethiopia indicating the important role of these genetic elements in the dissemination of multidrug resistance.     

Occurrence and diversity of integrons and beta-lactamase genes among ampicillin-resistant isolates from estuarine waters

The aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence and molecular diversity of beta-lactamase genes and integrons among Gram-negative ampicillin-resistant bacteria from Ria de Aveiro. Ampicillin-resistant isolates were selected and subjected to genotyping using REP-PCR. Representatives from each REP pattern were affiliated with the following taxa by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene: Aeromonas caviae, A. hydrophila, A. media, A. molluscorum, A. veronii, A. salmonicida, Aeromonas sp., Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas sp., Escherichia coli, Escherichia sp., Shigella sonnei, Shigella sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, Raoultella ornithinolytica, R. terrigena, R. planticola, Citrobacter freundii, Morganella morganii and Enterobacter sp. Isolates affiliated with genera Escherichia or Shigella were identified as Escherichia coli using phenotypic-based tests. PCR was used to assess beta-lactamase encoding sequences (bla(TEM), bla(SHV), bla(CARB), bla(CTX-M), bla(IMP), bla(VIM), bla(CphA/IMIS), bla(OXA-A), bla(OXA-B), bla(OXA-C)), class 1 and class 2 integrases, and integron variable regions. Sequence analysis of PCR products was performed. beta-Lactamase genes were detected in 77.8% of the Enterobacteriaceae and in 10.5% of the Aeromonas. The most frequently detected gene was bla(TEM), followed by bla(SHV,)bla(OXA-B), bla(CphA/IMIS) and bla(CARB). Retrieved sequences shared high homology with previously described beta-lactamases. The intI1 gene was present in 29.6% of the Enterobacteriaceae and in 21% of the Aeromonas isolates. The intI2 gene was present in 4 isolates. A total of 13 cassettes included in 12 different cassette arrays were identified. The most frequently found resistance gene cassettes were aadA variants. Previous investigations based on cultivation-independent approaches revealed higher molecular diversity among beta-lactamase-encoding sequences in this estuary. This fact reinforces the hypothesis that cultivation-dependent approaches may underestimate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in environmental samples and may introduce bias in the recovery of their molecular variants.