住院病人焦虑的原因及护理对策

目的：分析住院病人焦虑的原因,有效地减轻住院病人的焦虑程度。方法：使用焦虑自评量表（SAS）及问卷对347例住院病人进行焦虑原因的调查分析。结果：问卷20题中有13项肯定组与否定组的SAS评分存在显著差异或非常显著差异;不同年龄、不同文化程度、不同住院时间、治疗费用不同支出方式的住院病人SAS评分也存在显著差异。结论：明确住院病人焦虑原因,可有针对性地对其做好心理护理。     

Under fives mortality in the urban slums of Lucknow

The main objective of this study was to elicit proportional cause specific mortality in the underfives in the urban slums of Lucknow in North India. The families with under five mortality in the 28 randomly selected slums in 1993 were located from the records of the slum health workers and verbal autopsy was conducted to assign a cause of death. There were 71 deaths among 2796 children. The annual under five mortality was 25.4 and the under five mortality rate was 126.7. After the neonatal period, “high fever” that could not be classified into any other disease incorporated in the verbal autopsy instrument, was the most common symptom associated with death, seen in 21.1% cases (95% C.I.: 15.5–34.4%) followed by these diseases: pheumonia in 19.7%, diarrhea in 18.3% and measles in 11.4%. “High fever” as the leading symptom associated with death is being reported for the first time from the urban slums of India. There is an urgent need to identify the underlying etiologies of death due to “high fever” and the policy implications are that children with fever must receive immediate and continued medical attention till the symptom persists.     

中西医结合对重症脑外伤昏迷病人促苏醒疗效观察

目的 :探讨醒脑开窍疗法对治疗重症颅脑损伤患者促苏醒作用以及对预后的影响。方法 :将 80例颅脑损伤患者 (GCS≤ 8)随机分成 2组 ,治疗组 4 0例 (在常规治疗基础上加用中药针刺疗法 ) ;对照组 4 0例。两组于伤后 1月按GCS预后评分评定预后 ,两组在促醒后 1月内意识好转率作一比较。结果 :治疗组预后恢复良好为 87 5 % ,显著高于对照组 6 2 5 % ,P <0 0 1;两组病死率差异无显著性意义 (P >0 0 5 )。治疗组 1月内清醒 32例 ,对照组 2 0例 ,P <0 0 1。结论 :中西医结合疗法在治疗重症脑外伤昏迷患者时 ,能加速促醒和提高生存质量。     

Registration of cancer mortality data in a developing area: Chennai (Madras, India) experience

Objectives: This study was carried out to evolve a method to improve the registration of cancer mortality data in Chennai (Madras, India). Methods: Data on cancer deaths have been collected from the Vital Statistics Department (VSD) by a population-based cancer registry (PBCR) in Chennai only since 1982. The low mortality-to-incidence ratio during 1982-84 suggested under-registration of mortality data. Since 1985, the PBCR has taken special effort to ascertain the vital status of cancer cases by sending reply-paid postcards and/or making house visits. The data on all deaths occurring in Chennai, irrespective of stated cause of death in the death certificate, have been collected from the VSD since 1992. Results: Deaths that occurred in Chennai and obtained by sending reply-paid postcards and/or making house visits were registered in VSD as non-cancer causes of death; hence, these data were not collected from VSD. The sensitivity and positive predictive values of death certificates on cancer diagnosis based on 1992 and 1993 mortality data were 57 percent and 99.5 percent, respectively. Conclusion: Since the accuracy of death certificate information on cancer diagnosis is relatively low in a developing country such as in India, collecting data on all deaths will improve the mortality data registration in PBCRs.     

Risk management and system failure analysis in mental health investigations

This editorial explores the way in which mental health investigations are developing in England and in particular those involving a homicide. A move away from traditional panel inquiries and towards investigations using root cause analysis (RCA) is aimed at shifting the focus from individual blame to identifying system failure. Thus it is envisaged by policy makers that the RCA approach will offer greater learning opportunities for mental health services. The key difficulties associated with panel inquiries are highlighted before describing the intended benefits of the RCA approach. Finally, five key areas where systematic research can support the development of this approach are suggested.     

教育技术现代化的内部动因

在教育技术现代化的历史进程中 ,教育技术理论的发展有着特殊的地位 ,它既是教育技术现代化的重要组成部分 ,又是教育技术现代化的重要依据和推动力量。在发展过程中 ,教育技术一方面在自己的实践过程中加强研究与总结用以指导自己实践的规律 ,一方面从教育学、心理学、传播学、系统论、控制论、信息论等有关领域的研究成果中汲取营养 ,实现自己的理论扩展 ,又反过来指导教育技术实践 ,教育技术就在这认识———实践———再认识———再实践的往复循环中不断提高和发展。     

气道压力释放通气对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者呼吸机相关性肺损伤的影响

目的 通过测定机械通气对急性呼吸窘迫综合征（Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome,ARDS）患者支气管肺泡灌洗液（BronchoAlveolar Lavage Fluid,BALF）与血清中肺损伤标记物的变化,明确气道压力释放通气（Airway Pressure Release Ventilation,APRV）与小潮气量保护性通气（Low Tidal Volume Protective Ventilation,LTV）对ARDS患者呼吸机相关性肺损伤（Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury,VILI）的影响。方法 收集深圳大学总医院及海南省人民医院2018-01至2019-05内ARDS住院患者40例,以随机数字法分为两组：A组21例,B组19例,A组先予APRV通气24 h,随后转为LTV 24 h;B组先予LTV 24 h,再转为APRV 24 h,比较干预治疗0 h、24 h、48 h两组患者氧合指数、呼吸力学、BALF及血清中肺泡表面活性蛋白（Pulmonary Surfactant Protein D,SP-D）、重组...     

低钠血症、多尿症与颈髓损伤

目的探讨颈髓损伤后出现多尿症、低钠血症的机理及治疗方法。方法对1例强直性脊柱炎颈髓损伤并多尿症的原因进行分析并结合文献复习进行讨论。结果病人存在尿崩,且为肾性。多尿原因之一为伤前就存在的肾性尿崩,其二是颈髓损伤所致的交感神经功能紊乱;多尿症及低钠血症是颈髓损伤后常见并发症。结论颈髓损伤后发生的低钠血症存在两种理论解释,一是抗利尿激素分泌异常综合症(SIADHS),一是脑盐耗综合征(CSWS)。多尿症同样有两种解释,一为颈髓损伤所致的交感神经抑制,再就是颈髓损伤同时颅内损害所致的中枢性尿崩。确切发病机理尚有待于进一步研究与明确。     

桡神经损伤62例治疗体会

目的回顾桡神经损伤62例的治疗,探讨其最佳治疗方案。方法闭合性肱骨骨折并桡神经损伤38例,先手法复位小夹板或石膏托外固定,观察2周,有20例改手术治疗;开放性、刀砍伤22例,行急诊手术;陈旧性骨折、桡神经扭曲成瘤2例,择期手术神经吻合。结果62例桡神经损伤的治疗随访8个月至12年,非手术治疗18例,均4个月后功能恢复;手术治疗44例,神经吻合15例,松解29例,大部分术后4～6个月开始恢复功能,其中1例手术时间较晚,神经外膜挫伤严重,1年后才稍有恢复。结论合理选择治疗方案,提高手术技巧,有利于桡神经功能早恢复,保证治疗效果。     

腺苷酸环化激酶-雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号通路参与小鼠急性肾损伤的机制研究

目的 探讨腺苷酸环化激酶(AMPK)-雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路参与小鼠急性肾损伤的机制.方法 将健康雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组及SB2111组,每组各10只.模型组与SB2111组小鼠采用脂多糖(LPS)建立急性肾损伤模型,对照组以等剂量的生理盐水代替.SB2111组另外给予经腹腔右侧注射2...