高胆红素血症早产儿血清阴离子隙分析的意义

目的 探讨早产儿高胆红素血症(下称高胆)患儿的阴离子隙(AG)变化,为治疗提供依据.方法 测定94例高胆早产儿血清电解质、肾功能、肝功能,计算AG值,其中36例同时做动脉血气分折.结果 高AG44例(46.81％),正常AG 44例(46.81％),低AG 6例(6.38％).AG增高与血Na+浓度成正比,与HCO3-呈反比.AG与血清尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Scr)无相关性.结论 高胆早产儿高AG代谢性酸中毒发生率高,应常规测定血电解质、肾功能及动脉血气,计算AG值以指导治疗,以免盲目用碱纠酸.     

Animal models for neonatal diseases in humans

The development of vaccines for infants and young children requires the use of animal models at various stages of preclinical development. Animal models are being used to assess the quantity and quality of the immune response, onset and duration of the response, induction of systemic versus local immunity, protection against challenge infection for the assessment of vaccine efficacy, as well as safety and toxicity of the vaccine formulation itself. A variety of animal models are available, each with its own specific advantages and disadvantages. Here, we review the most common animal models for preclinical vaccine development for human infants.     

Genetic characterization of Plasmodium falciparum allelic variants infecting mothers at delivery and their children during their first plasmodial infections

IntroductionInfants born to mothers with placental malaria at delivery develop Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia earlier than those born to mothers without placental infection. This phenomenon may be explained by the development of immune tolerance due to exposure to P. falciparum antigens in utero. The hypothesis of this study is that this increased susceptibility might be related to infections by parasites expressing the same blood stage allele’s antigens as those to which the infants were exposed in utero.MethodsThe comparison of P. falciparum msp2 (3D7 and FC27) and glurp gene polymorphisms of infected mothers at delivery to those of their offspring’s infections during infancy was realized and the possible associations of the different polymorphisms with clinical outcomes were assessed. A second approach consisted in the use of a Geographic Information System to determine whether the antigen alleles were homogeneously distributed in the area of study. This was necessary to analyze whether the biological observations were due to high exposure to a particular antigen allelic form in the environment or to high infant permissiveness to the same allelic antigen polymorphism as the placental one.ResultsInfants born to mothers with placental malaria at delivery were more susceptible to infections by parasites carrying the same glurp allele as encountered in utero compared to distinct alleles, independently of their geographic distribution.ConclusionThe increased permissiveness of infants to plasmodial infections with shared placental-infant glurp alleles sheds light on the role that P. falciparum blood stage antigen polymorphisms may play in the first plasmodial infections in infancy.     

Distribution of prenatal and postnatal risk factors for sudden infant death in Budapest

Mortality from coronary heart disease has decreased by 60% in Finland during the past 25 years. The prevalence of coronary heart disease decreased during the 1990s among the elderly. Silent myocardial infarction was common, especially in elderly women. The number of coronary angioplasty or bypass operations has increased considerably, especially in men. Objective &;#114 - &;#114 To characterise the prevalence of, and changes in, coronary heart disease (CHD) among men and women aged between 64 and 71 years in the 1990s. Design &;#114 - &;#114 A study of clinical epidemiology involving two cohorts of elderly persons in 1990 - 1991 and 1998 - 1999. Setting &;#114 - &;#114 Primary health care in the municipality of Lieto in southwestern Finland. Subjects &;#114 - &;#114 Persons between 64 and 71 years of age in the southwest of Finland in 1990-1991 and 1998-1999. Main outcome measures &;#114 - &;#114 The occurrences of CHD were estimated using the history of a previous myocardial infarction or coronary revascularisation procedure evident in the medical records and with ischaemia or infarction as established on ECG according to the Whitehall criteria. Results &;#114 - &;#114 The prevalence of 'probable' CHD decreased among men and women aged between 64 and 71 years, whereas the prevalence of 'possible' CHD decreased among women alone. Silent myocardial infarctions were common among women of both cohorts. Many more men of the second cohort, compared to the first one, had undergone a coronary angioplasty or bypass operation. Conclusion &;#114 - &;#114 The prevalence of CHD decreased among elderly women more clearly than among young elderly men. The favourable development illustrating a decrease in the prevalence of CHD among women should be sustained, while health promotion activities will need to be directed more actively towards men.     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的MRI评价

目的：评价MRI对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）的诊断价值。资料与方法：采用SE序列对61例（65例次）HIE患儿进行了MRI检查，分析MRI表现。结果：56例新生儿期检查中脑水肿42例，内囊后肢信号异常22例，脑出血11例，脑室出血4例，脑室旁白质软化2例。9例婴儿期检查者中表现有脑室扩大7例，脑外间隙增宽9例，髓鞘发育延迟3例。结论：MRI有助于明确HIE的脑损伤情况，对于预后的评估有价值。     

Utility of cardiac CT in infants with congenital heart disease: Diagnostic performance and impact on management

BackgroundAdvances in cardiac CT (CCT) scanner technology allow imaging without anesthesia, and with low radiation dose, making it an attractive technique in infants with congenital heart disease. However, the utility of CCT using a dual-source scanner with respect to diagnostic performance and impact on management has not been systematically studied in this population.MethodsRetrospective review of infants who underwent CCT to determine the utility of CCT with respect to the following: answering the primary diagnostic question, providing new diagnostic information, prompting a change in management, and concordance with catheterization or surgical inspection.ResultsA total of 156 infants underwent 172 scans at a median age of 64 days, (IQR 4–188) from Jan 2016–Dec 2019. The most frequent diagnostic question was related to the pulmonary arteries (43%), followed by the aortic arch (30%), pulmonary veins (26%), coronary arteries (17%), patent ductus arteriosus (10%) and others (9%). A high-pitch spiral scan was frequently used (90%). The median effective radiation dose was low (0.66 ?mSv) and general anesthesia was used infrequently (23%). CCT answered the primary diagnostic question in 168/172 (98%) and added to the diagnostic information already available by echocardiography in 161/172 (96%) scans. CCT led to a change in management following 78/172 (53%) scans and had an impact on management following 167/172 (97%) scans. On follow-up, after 107/172 (62%) scans, subjects underwent cardiac surgery, and after 55/172 (32%) scans, they had cardiac catheterization. CCT findings were concordant with catheterization and/or surgical inspection in 156/159 (98%) scans.ConclusionsIn infants with complex congenital heart disease, CCT was accurate, answered the diagnostic questions in nearly all cases, and frequently added diagnostic information that impacted management. Radiation exposure was low, and anesthesia was needed infrequently.     

异氟醚对新生鼠齿状回神经前体细胞发育动力学的影响

目的 探讨异氟醚对新生鼠齿状回神经前体细胞发育动力学的影响。方法 将出生7日龄（P7）SD大鼠随机分为两组：异氟醚组（I组,n = 8）和对照组（C组,n = 7）。I组吸入1.5%异氟醚维持4 h,C组只吸入室内空气4 h。两组P7大鼠分别在麻醉暴露前及结束后腹腔注射5-溴脱氧尿苷（BrdU,100mg/kg）以标记海马齿状回的神经前体细胞及其子细胞,然后在暴露结束后1 w,利用BrdU和DCX（未成熟神经元标志物）或GFAP免疫荧光双标的方法观察两组齿状回神经前体细胞的迁移、分化及存活的情况。结果 与C组比较,I组P7大鼠齿状回颗粒细胞层BrdU+细胞的数量减少（P＜0.05）。两组齿状回新生细胞迁移至颗粒细胞层或门区的比例,以及分化为神经元或神经胶质细胞的比例均无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。结论 异氟醚减少新生鼠齿状回新生颗粒细胞的早期存活,但并不影响神经前体细胞的早期迁移及分化。     

健康教育和健康素养计划对低健康素养水平新生儿照顾者家庭用药安全的效果评价

背景　正确给药父母的健康素养水平是错误给药父母的6倍,79.2%的出院带药患儿父母的健康素养水平低下。低健康素养水平是发生药疗差错主要危险因素。处方药家庭药疗差错事件会对患儿产生严重的不良后果,因此目前迫切需要通过干预患儿照顾者的健康素养水平,改善其家庭用药安全水平。目的　评价健康教育和健康素养计划（HELP）在低健康素养水平新生儿照顾者家庭用药安全的应用效果。方法　采用方便抽样法,选取2017年度安徽省立医院新生儿重症监护室（NICU）收治的低健康素养水平新生儿照顾者100例为研究对象,采用时间分组法将2017年1—6月入选的50例作为对照组,2017年7—12月入选的50例作为干预组。对照组采用常规出院带药宣教,干预组实施HELP,主要包括3个核心元素,象形图指南、回授法、提供标准化的剂量工具,干预时间2周。干预前后采用中文版最新关键指标测量量表（NVS）评价健康素养水平,记录用药剂量差别,采用用药知识水平测试问卷评价用药理解,采用Morisky用药依从性问卷评价用药依从性。结果　干预后,干预组新生儿照顾者计算能力、阅读理解能力及中文版NVS总分较对照组升高,用药剂量差别发生率较对照组降低,药物基本认识、儿童用药特点及原则、药物不良反应的认识及处理、遵医嘱用药、药物的质量鉴定及贮藏评分、用药知识水平测试问卷总分较对照组升高（P<0.05）;干预后干预组新生儿照顾者计算能力、阅读理解能力及中文版NVS总分较干预前升高,对照组和干预组新生儿照顾者用药剂量差别发生率较干预前降低,对照组药物的质量鉴定及贮藏评分较干预前降低,干预组新生儿照顾者药物基本认识、儿童用药特点及原则、药物不良反应的认识及处理、遵医嘱用药、药物的质量鉴定及贮藏评分、用药知识水平测试问卷总分较干预前升高（P<0.05）。干预组新生儿用药依从性好16例（32.0%）,对照组新生儿用药依从性好6例（12.0%）,干预组新生儿用药依从性优于对照组（χ2=5.828,P=0.016）。结论　HELP可提高低健康素养水平新生儿照顾者的健康素养水平和新生儿的家庭用药安全。     

脐动脉血气pH值对剖宫产新生儿住院期间并发症的预测价值

目的:分析脐动脉血气pH值对剖宫产新生儿住院期间并发症的预测价值。方法:本研究为回顾性队列研究,选择2017年1月1日至6月30日在北京大学第一医院剖宫产娩出并完成脐动脉血气分析的新生儿为研究对象,主要观察终点是新生儿住院期间并发症发生率。按照新生儿是否发生住院期间并发症将研究对象分为两组,比较两组间脐动脉血气pH值。收集母婴围产期的资料和新生儿住院期间并发症的资料,采用ROC曲线分析脐动脉血气pH对新生儿住院期间并发症的预测价值。结果:共纳入872例新生儿(择期541例、急诊331例),新生儿住院期间并发症的总体发生率为14.1%,其中发生率最高的3项分别为感染、吸入性肺炎及心肌损伤。无并发症组pH值平均为7.31,有并发症组pH值平均为7.29,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。本研究中pH≤7.20的总体比例为3.1%(27/872),其中无并发症组pH值≤7.20的比例为1.6%(12/749),有并发症组pH值≤7.20的比例为12.2%(15/123),组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,早产(OR=8.224, 95%CI: 4.910~13.777, P<0.001)、妊娠期高血压(OR=1.886, 95%CI: 1.004~3.546, P=0.049)、宫内生长受限(OR=4.429, 95%CI: 1.280~15.330, P=0.019)、急诊剖宫产(OR=2.711, 95%CI: 1.682~4.369, P<0.001)、脐动脉血气pH值≤7.20(OR=7.420, 95%CI: 2.951~18.655, P<0.001)及5分钟Apgar评分小于10分(OR=11.849, 95%CI: 3.977~35.128, P<0.001)是新生儿发生住院期间并发症的危险因素。脐动脉血气pH值预测全部新生儿、择期新生儿及急诊新生儿住院并发症的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.570(95%CI: 0.508~0.633, P=0.012)、0.559(95%CI: 0.465~0.652, P=0.189)及0.617(95%CI: 0.538~0.697, P=0.002)。结论:脐动脉血气pH值≤7.2与剖宫产新生儿住院并发症发生率增加有相关性,但是ROC分析显示其预测价值较低。