Factors Influencing in Vivo Disposition of Polymeric Micelles on Multiple Administrations

l-lactic acid)₃₀ (AB-type), which accumulates in solid tumors through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. However, lactosome on multiple administrations changed its pharmacokinetics from accumulation in tumors to liver due to the production of antilactosome IgM, which was triggered by the first administration. This phenomenon is called the accelerated blood clearance (ABC). In order to reduce the production of antilactosome IgM, a novel nanoparticle composed of (poly(sarcosine)₂₃)₃-block-poly(l-lactic acid)₃₀ (A₃B-type) was prepared. The A₃B-type lactosome at the second administration showed an in vivo disposition similar to that at the first administration due to suppression of antibody production. This study involving the AB- and A₃B-type lactosomes, with variation of conditions, revealed that the high local density of poly(sarcosine) chains of the A₃B-type lactosome should relate to the prevention of a polymeric micelle from interacting B-cell receptors.     

A novel method to diagnose the infection of enterovirus A71 in children by detecting IgA from saliva

Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the main pathogens causing hand, foot, and mouth disease, and often causes diseases of the central nervous system. Early diagnosis is important to prevent EV-A71 outbreaks. The detection of serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) is widely used for the early diagnosis of EV-A71 in clinics, especially in rural areas. However, this technique requires the extraction of blood from children who have thin blood vessels and who might fear the use of needles. Therefore, difficulties in the detection process are often encountered. This study developed a noninvasive method to detect EV-A71-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) in saliva for the diagnosis of EV-A71 infection. The sensitivity and specificity of IgA detection did not differ significantly compared with IgM detection. IgA antibodies were present in saliva for a relatively shorter period than IgM antibodies were present in serum. The sensitivity of IgA detection was higher than that of IgM detection for secondary EV-A71 infections. These results suggest that the detection of EV-A71-specific IgA in the saliva allows the effective early diagnosis of EV-A71 and may be suitable for detecting EV-A71 infections in children.     

Transfer of serum and cells from Yersinia ruckeri vaccinated doubled-haploid hot creek rainbow trout into outcross F1 progeny elucidates mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection

Yersinia ruckeri is a well-established bacterial pathogen for many salmonid species, against which a formalin-killed bacterin vaccine has been effective in reducing disease outbreaks. Previous studies have reported conflicting results about the protective value of the systemic humoral response to Y. ruckeri vaccination. Here we directly demonstrate that plasma contains the long-term protective component elicited by both immersion and intraperitoneal injection vaccination of rainbow trout. A total of 0.5 μL of plasma from vaccinated fish provided almost complete protection against experimental challenge. Conversely, the cells obtained from peripheral blood conferred little or no protection in naïve recipients. The protective component of immune sera was IgM based on size exclusion chromatography and recognition by monoclonal antibody Warr 1–14. Immune plasma generated against a Y. ruckeri biotype 1 strain protected equally against challenges with Y. ruckeri biotype 1 and 2 strains. These results illustrate the importance of the humoral IgM response against Y. ruckeri and the use of doubled haploid rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and transfer of plasma/serum and cells into F1 outcross progeny as a model system for dissection of the mechanism(s) of vaccine-induced protection.     

Measles immunity and response to revaccination of a young adult population in Israel

In order to evaluate the true immune status and the effect of revaccination on a young adult population, we collected serum samples from 289 military recruits who were vaccinated during an outbreak in 1991. Most vaccinees, age 18–25 years, had apparently been immunized once before as infants. Sera collected just prior to the vaccination and 14 and 28 days afterwards were tested for measles antibodies by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-IgM. Before vaccination, 46 (15.9%) of the subjects had no HI antibodies, (<1:4) and 48 (16.6%) had borderline (1:4) HI titer. Following vaccination, only ten (3.5%) remained negative and 19 (6.6%) had borderline titer. The increase in HI antibody titer was inversely proportional to the prevaccination titer, and 159 subjects (55.0%) showed no increase at all. The geometric mean titer (GMT) rose from 9.14 to 21.47. Among the prevaccination-negative subjects (HI <1:4) 28 (60.9%) reached a postvaccination titer of ≥ 1:8, and eight (17.4%) reached a titer of 1:4. Twelve (26.1%) of the negative subjects seroconverted and developed IgM, 16 (35%) seroconverted without IgM, and 18 (39%) remained negative and did not develop IgM. A group of eight vaccinees with prevaccination titer of ≥ 1:4 developed IgM. Some were probably infected by the circulating wild-type virus prior to the vaccination. Thus, a total number of 20 of the 289 subjects studied (6.9%) had true negative preimmune status as judged by the IgM test. However, the vaccination campaign prevented further measles cases, apparently by increasing the population's immunity, particularly in individuals with very low titers or without measles antibodies. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Effect of acyclovir and prednisolone on the serological response in herpes zoster

The serological response of patients with acute herpes zoster was studied to determine whether a diagnosis could be made on a single serum sample, and whether this response was modified by treatment with antiviral and/or steroid therapy. The patients received one of four regimes of acyclovir and prednisolone, Varicella zoster virus (VZV) IgG, IgM, and IgA responses were measured by commercial and in-house enzyme immunoassays (EIA) using serum samples taken at days 0, 7, and 21 after entry into the study. Samples were also tested for IgM to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) viral capsid antigen (VCA), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgM and for herpes simplex virus (HSV) antibodies by the complement fixation test (CFT). Analysis was carried out on data from 71 patients. VZV IgM was detected in 72%, VZV IgA in 78%, and either VZV IgM or IgA in 88% of patients tested, at some time during the 3-week study period. The optimal time to detect either class of antibody was approximately 1 week after the onset of the vesicular rash, when 85% of patients had one or both classes of acute phase antibody in their serum. There was no evidence of cross reaction with EBV, CMV, or HSV antibodies. Neither treatment with prednisolone nor the length of therapy with acyclovir affected significantly the VZV IgM or IgA responses. Therefore it is possible to make a serological diagnosis of herpes zoster on a single sample, optimally 1 week after the onset of the rash, in patients treated with acyclovir alone or with acyclovir and steroids. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

一例X-连锁高IgM综合征合并进行性多灶性脑白质病的基因变异分析

目的:对1例临床拟诊为X-连锁高IgM综合征(X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome, XHIM)并发进行性多灶性脑白质病变(progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, PML)的患儿 CD40L基因及人类嗜神经多瘤病毒(Jamestown Can...     

建立固相Capture-ELISA技术诊断糖尿病人HCMV活动性感染

目的建立检测HCMV抗原特异性IgM的抗体捕捉酶联免疫吸附试验（IgM antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,Capture-ELISA）,并分析糖尿病患者HCMV活动性感染状态。方法利用抗人IgM（μ链特异性）抗体包被固相载体,作为＂捕捉抗体＂吸附待检血清中的IgM,经过洗涤除去血清中IgG及其它成分,再加入特异性抗原与＂捕捉＂到的相应IgM抗体结合,然后加入酶标抗体和底物显色进行测定。同时,应用建立的酶联免疫捕获法诊断糖尿病患者HCMV近期感染状态,并与常用的间接酶联免疫吸附试验（In-ELISA）及RT-PCR进行比较。结果 Capture-ELISA的特异性及敏感性均高于间接法,且不受RF因子的影响。结论 Capture-ELISA操作简单、快速,且具有较高的特异性和灵敏度,是检测IgM抗体理想的方法之一。     

3640例育龄产妇TORCH筛查回顾性分析

目的对育龄妇女产前TORCH筛查,并对结果进行回顾性分析。方法采用ELISA法,对2009年1月至2011年5月在暨南大学附属第一医院做产前筛查的3640名育龄妇女进行孕妇致畸八项（TORCH-IgM及IgG抗体）或优生四项（TORCH-IgM抗体）的检测。结果孕妇致畸八项中TORCH-IgM阳性率为2.29%,优生四项中TORCH-IgM阳性率为1.59%,TORCH-IgM总阳性率为2.03%。孕妇致畸八项中Tox-IgG、RV-IgG、CMV-IgG及HSV-II-IgG分别为3.49%、69.60%、83.30%和71.00%。结论广州地区育龄妇女TORCH-IgG阳性率较低,而相应的IgM水平也较文献报道低,表明产妇TORCH既往感染和当前感染率均较低,可能与当前卫生条件的改善有关。