MicroRNAs及其在泌尿系肿瘤的研究进展

microRNAs（miRNAs）是一类分布十分广泛的内源性非编码RNA,在动物、植物、病毒中广泛存在。miRNAs与肿瘤的发生发展预后有关,并在肿瘤的增殖、分化及调亡等方面有重要的作用。结合最近相关文献,本文就miRNAs与泌尿系肿瘤方面的进展作简要概述。     

BKV in Simultaneous Pancreas-Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Leading Cause of Renal Graft Loss in First 2 Years Post-Transplant

With the introduction of more potent immunosuppressive agents, rejection has decreased in simultaneous pancreas/kidney transplant (SPK) recipients. However, as a consequence, opportunistic infections have increased. The purpose of this report is to outline the course of SPK patients who developed polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PVAN). A retrospective review of 146 consecutive SPK recipients from January 1, 1996 to December 31, 2002 was performed. Immunosuppression, rejection and development of PVAN were reviewed. Nine patients were identified. All received induction with either OKT3 or thymoglobulin. Immunosuppression included tacrolimus/cyclosporine, MMF/azathioprine and sirolimus/prednisone. Two patients were treated for kidney rejection prior to the diagnosis of PVAN. Time to diagnosis was an average of 359.3 days post-transplantation. Immunosuppression was decreased but five ultimately lost function. However, none developed pancreatic abnormalities as demonstrated by normal glucose and amylase. Two underwent renal retransplantation after PVAN diagnosis and both have normal kidney function. PVAN was the leading cause of renal loss in SPK patients in the first 2 years after transplantation and is a serious concern for SPK recipients. The pancreas, however, is spared from evidence of infection, and no pancreatic rejection occurred when immunosuppression was decreased.     

The comparative evaluation of cellular localization of viral antigens with microscopic changes in the ileum of cattle infected with bovine viral diarrhea

The correlation between microscopic changes with cellular localization of viral antigens was studied in the ileum of 16 cases infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Microscopic lesions in the ileum included multifocal erosive and ulcerative ileitis, severe congestion and hemorrhage, crypt dilation and mucus engorgement, epithelial debris and leukocytes, lymphoid depletion of Peyer’s patches, herniation of mucosal epithelium into depleted Peyer’s patches, and fibrinoid vasculitis of submucosal vessels. BVDV antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry in macrophages, dendritic cells, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, epithelial cells of crypts, and mucosal epithelium, together with other mononuclear cells including lymphocytes, plasma cells, fibroblasts, and intramural ganglial cells. No consistent correlation between the presence of BVDV antigen and vascular lesions in the ileum was identified. The intensity and distribution of the immunoperoxidase stain in the ileum was graded as highly positive (18.7%), moderately positive (56.3%), and mildly positive (25%). In conclusion, the pattern and density of distribution and localization of BVDV antigen in the ileum was not consistently correlated with the severity of microscopic lesions.     

Epstein-Barr virus DNA in Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin''s disease is frequently associated with CR2 (EBV receptor) expression

We studied 44 cases of Hodgkin's disease for the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA, its localization and the expression of the EBV receptor on the tumour cells. EBV DNA was found in 52% (16/31) of the Hodgkin's lymphomas using the polymerase chain reaction. With a very sensitive non-radioactive DNA in situ hybridization technique in combination with immunohistochemistry for CD 30 or CD 15 antigens, EBV DNA was localized to Reed-Sternberg cells and its mononuclear variants. The relationship between the presence of EBV DNA and the expression of the EBV-receptor CR2 (CD 21) on Reed-Sternberg cells was studied using the same techniques and two different monoclonal anti-CD 21 antibodies. CR2 could be detected on a substantial number of the Reed-Sternberg cells in EBV DNA positive Hodgkin's lymphomas (9/12; 75%), whereas in EBV negative cases positivity with anti-CD 21 was rare (1/13; 8%). The results indicate that CR2 expression on Reed-Sternberg cells and the presence of EBV DNA sequences are frequently associated in Hodgkin's lymphomas.     

D2-43病毒E蛋白在酵母细胞表面的展示

目的：在酵母细胞表面展示登革2型病毒43株(D2—43)的E基因，探索利用酵母表面展示系统建立DNA改组筛选平台的可行性。方法：通过RT-PCR扩增获得D2-43的E基因，将该基因亚克隆至T载体后，再克隆至酵母表面展示载体pYDI，于酿酒酵母EBY100中利用半乳糖进行诱导表达。表达产物采用间接免疫荧光法和FACS进行检测。结果：酵母表面展示产物可与D2-43的腹水抗体特异性地结合；在半乳糖诱导后24h，展示E蛋白的酵母细胞百分数达22．07％。结论：本研究为建立基于酵母表面展示系统的DNA改组筛选平台奠定了基础。     

Chronic delta hepatitis in haemophiliacs

The seroepidemiological profile of HBV and HDV was investigated in 640 male haemophiliacs. Twenty-seven of forty-four HBsAg carriers were anti-HDV-IgG positive, 22 were also anti-HDV-IgM positive. A markedly lower prevalence of HDV infection was found in patients with anti-HBc in the absence of HBsAg and anti-HBs (6/41). Repeated detection of anti-HDV-IgM in 5/41 individuals of this group indicates that circulating HBsAg is not an absolute prerequisite for chronic HDV infection. Overall, chronically active HDV infection was detected more frequently in quiescent than in active chronic HBV infections. Anti-HDV-IgM was not detected in the absence of anti-HDV-IgG antibodies. Anti-HDV-IgG may disappear after resolution of HDV infection, as indicated by the low prevalence (1/42) in such individuals with past HBV infection as well as by loss of anti-HDV-IgG observed in two patients.     

血清乙型肝炎病毒标志物不同表现模式及肝功能异常对肾移植受者存活率的影响

目的　探讨血清乙型肝炎病毒标志物不同表现模式对肾移植受者长期存活的影响。方法　对 62例血清乙型肝炎病毒标志物阳性者及 1 96例血清乙型肝炎病毒标志物全阴性者肾移植术后的肝功能、人肾均存活的存活率等指标进行随访和回顾性分析。结果　术后早期血清乙型肝炎病毒标志物阳性组与血清乙型肝炎病毒标志物阴性组比较 ,肝功能异常发生率的差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5) ;术后中远期 ,HBsAg、HBeAg及抗 HBc阳性者的肝功能受损率明显高于血清乙型肝炎病毒标志物阴性组及HBsAg、抗 HBe、抗 HBc阳性者 (P <0 .0 5) ,其人肾均存活的存活率也最低 (P <0 .0 5)。结论　对HBsAg、抗 HBe及抗 HBc阳性者进行肾移植应慎重 ,而HBsAg、HBeAg及抗 HBc阳性者则不适宜接受肾移植     

臭氧水对SARS病毒的灭活效果观察

为了观察电解法产生的臭氧水对SARS病毒的灭活效果,采用悬液灭活试验法进行了试验。结果,以臭氧含量为27.73mg/L,作用4min可完全灭活SARS病毒;以臭氧含量为17.82mg/L,作用4min和4.86mg/L作用10min,均可使SARS病毒的灭活率达100％。结论,电解法产生的臭氧水含臭氧量达到4.86mg/L以上,对悬液内SARS病毒具有很强的灭活效果。     

Fumonisins as a possible contributory risk factor for primary liver cancer: A 3-year study of corn harvested in Haimen, China, by HPLC and ELISA

Employing HPLC fluorometry, gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and a novel enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on a monoclonal antibody, 40 corn samples, each collected in 1993 from agricultural stocks for human consumption in Haimen (Jiangsu County) and Penlai (Shandong Province), high- and low-risk areas for primary liver cancer (PLC) in China, respectively, were analysed for fumonisins (FBs), aflatoxins (AFs) and trichothecenes. Levels and positive rates of FBs and deoxynivalenol (DON) were significantly higher in Haimen than in Penlai. ELISA of the 40 corn samples harvested in the two areas in 1994 revealed that FB contamination levels and rates in these areas were comparable to those observed in 1993 in Haimen. ELISA analysis of 1993 and 1994 products revealed a wide occurrence of AFB₁ but the positive rates as well as levels were not significantly different between these areas. ELISA of the same sample number of corn harvested in 1995 revealed that FB contamination in Haimen was significantly higher than in Penlai. These 3-yearly surveys of corn samples (240 in total) demonstrated that corn harvested in Haimen was highly contaminated with FBs and that the contamination level, as well as positive rate in 1993 and 1995, were 10–50-fold higher than those in Penlai, suggesting FBs as a risk factor for promotion of PLC in endemic areas, along with the trichothecene DON. Co-contamination with AFs, potent hepatocarcinogens, was assumed to play an important role in the initiation of hepatocarcinogenesis.