The histopathological,cytopathological and ultrastructural effects of carbaryl on gills of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Ultrastructural and histopathological reponses in the organs of living organisms are important and useful tools to determine the health condition and the effects of pollutants, such as pesticides, on the organisms. The aim of this study is to determine possible histopathological, cytopathological and ultrastructural alterations in gills of Oreochromis niloticus individuals exposed to 850 μg/L carbaryl standart at 7th, 14th and 21st days with light and electron microscopes. The fish were exposed to carbaryl for 21 days and the histopatological, ultrastructural and cytopathological alterations occuring in the gill tissues of organisms were determined by light, Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopes (SEM and TEM). At the end of the study, it was observed that carbaryl caused both histopathological and cytopathological changes in the gills of O. niloticus. It has been determined that the most of the pathological changes in the exposed organisms are the metabolic defence reactions.     

Neuroinflammation preceding primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) – Case reports and literature review

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare and aggressive form of extra-nodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Corticosteroids cause transient regression of PCNSL at the radiological and histological level. A growing number of case reports describe histologically confirmed neuroinflammation (sentinel lesions) heralding the development of PCNSL. We present two further cases of sentinel lesions contextualised by a review of past literature. Our aims are to collate existing knowledge on sentinel lesions in PCNSL and explore their pathophysiological significance. Two cases were identified (n = 2) from a cohort of 104 patients with PCNSL referred to a tertiary neurosurgery centre. A literature search identified previously reported cases (n = 14). Median age was 57.5 (range; 26–72); pre-biopsy corticosteroid administration was reported in 50% of cases (n = 8); mean time between biopsies was 10 months (range; 3–60). Common MRI features were homogenous enhancement (10;71.4%) and T2-hyperintensity (11;100%). Histochemical analysis of sentinel lesion biopsy revealed inflammatory CD3/4/5/8-positive T-cells (14; 100%), demyelination (13; 81.3%), rare/scattered CD20-postive B-cells (11;78.6%) and CD68-positive macrophages (10;71.4%). Repeat biopsy confirmed PCNSL in all cases. Waxing and waning CNS inflammation has been identified in 16 patients ultimately diagnosed with PCNSL. Neuro-specialists should be aware of this atypical presentation and maintain a high index of suspicion for lymphoma despite histopathology negative for lymphoma when clinical or radiological features indicate PCNSL.     

Cauliflower-like exophytic mass on the skin: polypoid melanoma. Clinical,dermoscopic, and histologic features

Polypoid melanoma is a variant of nodular melanoma, whose poor prognosis depends on its thickness and the presence of ulceration at the time of diagnosis. The authors report two cases of polypoid melanoma, presenting as broad, cauliflower-like, polypoid masses. Dermoscopy was characterized by a multicolored pattern, atypical polymorphic vessels, and the fiber sign. Clinical and dermoscopic features can help to diagnose polypoid melanoma and exclude other possible differential diagnoses. However, histology remains mandatory to confirm the diagnostic suspicion.     

蒙药给旺-9味散对D-GalN诱导急性肝衰竭大鼠保肝、抗炎及组织形态学改变的影响＊

目的 观察蒙药给旺-9对D-氨基半乳糖（D-Galactosamine，D-GalN）诱导的急性肝衰竭大鼠保肝、抗炎作用及肝组织形态学改变的影响。方法 将72只SPF级雄性SD大鼠，随机法分为空白对照组、模型组、阳性对照美能15 mg·kg^-1剂量组、蒙药给旺-9低（0.4 g·kg^-1）、中（0.8 g·kg^-1）、高（1.6 g·kg^-1）剂量组，每天灌胃1次，连续10天。采用D-GalN腹腔注射诱导急性肝衰竭大鼠模型。造模后观察各组大鼠行为学改变，并在造模后48 h取各组大鼠血清和肝组织，采用试剂盒检测血清谷丙转氨酶（Alanine aminotransferase，ALT）、谷草转氨酶（Aspartate aminotransferase，AST），总胆红素（Total bilirubin，T-Bil）、直接胆红素（Direct bilirubin，D-Bil）的活性。ELISA试剂盒检测肝匀浆内毒素（Lipopolysaccharides，LPS）、白介素-4（Interleukin-4，IL-4）、白介素-10（Interleukin-10，IL-10）的含量。血浆分析仪检测凝血酶原时间（Prothrombin time，PT）、活化部分凝血活酶（Activated partial thromboplastin time，APTT）国际标准化比值（International normalized ratio，INR）。肝组织右叶做HE染色，观察组织形态学变化。结果 与空白组比较，模型组大鼠血清ALT、AST、T-Bil、D-Bil水平升高（P < 0.01），肝匀浆LPS、IL-4、IL-10水平升高（P < 0.01），与正常组比较模型组PT、APTT、INR显著升高。差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05），与模型组比较阳性对照组、蒙药给旺-9味高、中、低剂量组大鼠PT、APTT、INR无显著降低（P > 0.05），显微镜下肝组织出现水肿，炎细胞浸润、坏死等病变。与模型组比较，给旺-9低、中、高剂量组、阳性对照组大鼠血清ALT、T-Bil、D-Bil值显著下降（P < 0.05），肝匀浆LPS、IL-4、IL-10含量显著下降（P < 0.01），肝组织形态学病变显著改善。结论 蒙药给旺-9可保护D-GalN诱导的急性肝衰竭大鼠肝功能受损，抗炎并可明显减轻肝脏的病理损害，对肝脏组织起到一定保护作用。     

肿胀性红斑狼疮的研究进展

肿胀性红斑狼疮为皮肤型红斑狼疮的亚型之一,其临床特征为紫红色斑,单个或多发斑块,表面光滑,边界清楚,不形成瘢痕,无糜烂、萎缩、鳞屑、毛囊角栓等表皮的改变,且具有显著光敏性,好发于日光暴露部位.组织病理学特点为血管及附属器周围淋巴细胞浸润,真皮网状层黏蛋白沉积,无明显表皮受累,直接免疫荧光检测为阴性.氯喹和羟氯喹治疗有效.     

Toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles on adult male Wistar rats

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO) on adult male Wistar rats.Thirty male Wistar rats divided into five groups of six animals each were used for this study. For ten days, Groups one to four continuously received 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg nZnO, respectively. Group five served as the control group. At the end of the study, the rats were sacrificed and histopathological study of the liver and renal tissue, sperm analysis, serum oxidative stress parameters and some liver enzymes were done.The results of this study showed that nZnO at concentration more than 50 mg/kg lead to significant changes in liver enzymes, oxidative stress, liver and renal tissue and sperm quality and quantity.In conclusion, the toxicity of nZnO is more significant when the concentration is increased; however, the use of low doses requires further investigation.     

Sudden adult death: An autopsy series of 534 cases with gender and control comparison

The aim of our study was to highlight the epidemiological difference in adult sudden death between males and females. The type of pathologies found in adult victims of sudden death was compared to control cases in order to determine the most significant pathologies involved in sudden death.Among all autopsies performed between 1995 and 2009, 534 adult cases of sudden death and 154 cases who violently died were respectively selected. For each case, a complete autopsy was carried out, including systematic histological examination of all major organs.The sudden death population was composed of 369 males and 165 females. There was no statistical difference regarding age between males and female. Sudden death took place more often at home in women than in men (p < 0.0001). A stressful event was more frequently found in men than in women (p = 0.03). Deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases were more frequent in males than in females, especially Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) (p < 0.0001). Cardiomyopathy was more often the cause of death in women, particularly Arrythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC). Cardiac pathologies were found in 45% of the control cases. CAD and ARVC were statistically more frequent in the sudden death group than in the control group.According to our study, profile of sudden death is different between males and females. Those data seem to be important for clinicians involved in prevention programs of sudden death, as they can adapt their screening according to the gender.     

Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2) outbreak in Azores: Disclosure of common genetic markers and phylogenetic segregation within the European strains

Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2) is widespread in several countries of Western Europe, but it has not been introduced to other continents. However, between late 2014 and early 2015, the presence of RHDV2 was confirmed outside of the European continent, in the Azores, initially in the islands of Graciosa, Flores, S. Jorge and Terceira. In this study we report the subsequent detection of RHDV2 in wild rabbits from the islands of Faial, St. Maria and S. Miguel, and display the necropsy and microscopic examination data obtained, which showed lesions similar to those induced by classical strains of RHDV, with severe affection of lungs and liver. We also disclose the result of a genetic investigation carried out with RHDV2 positive samples from wild rabbits found dead in the seven islands. Partial vp60 sequences were amplified from 27 tissue samples. Nucleotide analysis showed that the Azorean strains are closely related to each other, sharing a high genetic identity (>99.15%). None of the obtained sequences were identical to any RHDV2 sequence publically known, hampering a clue for the source of the outbreaks. However, Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses disclosed that Azorean strains are more closely related to a few strains from Southern Portugal than with any others presently known. In the analysed region comprising the terminal 942 nucleotides of the vp60 gene, four new single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were identified. Based on the present data, these four SNPs, which are unique in the strains from Azores, may constitute putative molecular geographic markers for Azorean RHDV2 strains, if they persist in the future. One of these variations is a non-synonymous substitution that involves the replacement of one amino acid in a hypervariable region of the capsid protein.