Diagnostic significance of anti-HBcIgM prevalence related to symptoms in Canadian patients acutely or chronically infected with hepatitis B virus

A total of 362 sera from 295 Canadian patients were examined for HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc, anti-HBcIgM, HBeAg, and anti-HBe using commercial immunoassays. Serial samples from 70 acutely infected patients demonstrated that anti-HBcIgM may detect 10% more positives than HBsAg within 4 months after the onset of clinical symptoms, and all except two were negative for anti-HBcIgM after the fourth month. None of 66 asymptomatic (HBeAg rate 18.2%) and two of 14 (14.3%) symptomatic (HBeAg rate 64.3%) carriers of HBsAg were positive for anti-HBcIgM (P = 0.029). Elevated marker responses were measured in two symptomatic carriers for a 20-month period. Anti-HBcIgM was not detected in either 100 asymptomatic patients positive for total anti-HBc, negative for HBsAg and negative for or possessing low levels of anti-HBs, 25 patients with liver disorders not caused by HBV, or 20 healthy milk donors. In diagnostic laboratory practice this anti-HBcIgM test may be useful in the following situations: to supplement HBsAg testing, providing a theoretical 10% increase in positives within 4 months following onset of acute viral hepatitis; to replace testing for anti-HBc and anti-HBs in symptomatic HBsAg-negative patients; to confirm whether a patient is experiencing acute or chronic HBV infection or symptoms superimposed upon asymptomatic HBsAg carriage by another cause, such as nonA-nonB viral hepatitis.     

散发性戊型肝炎病毒感染的诊断

用基因工程重组的戊型肝炎病毒基因结构区第二码框架和第二读码框架具有免疫表位的嵌合抗原，建立了间接酶联免疫法，检测散发性急性肝炎病人血清中抗－ＨＥＶＩｇＧ和ＩｇＭ抗体。在４６例急性肝炎病人中出抗－ＨＥＶＩｇＧ抗体阳性７例，阳性率为１５．２２％，７例ＩｇＧ抗体阳性中，有５例ＩｇＭ抗体也阳性，占７１．４％。     

脂肝宁对大鼠脂肪性肝炎肝细胞热休克蛋白表达的影响

目的： 观察脂肝宁在预防大鼠脂肪性肝炎过程中热休克蛋白(HSP) 60、70在肝细胞中的表达。方法: 将SD大鼠随机分为脂肝宁大、小剂量组、熊去氧胆酸组、病理模型和正常对照组。除正常对照组外，其余大鼠给予高脂饲料和35%乙醇 10 mL/kg，2次/d灌胃，防治组同时给予药物预防。于第9周末处死大鼠，分别进行 ⑴ 肝组织切片常规HE染色，观察炎症反应；⑵ 免疫组化法观察肝组织热休克蛋白60、70的表达情况；⑶ 透射电镜下观察肝细胞及炎细胞的超微结构。结果: ⑴ 光镜下脂肝宁大剂量组和熊去氧胆酸组的肝组织炎症活动度显著低于病理模型组 (P<0.05)。⑵ 脂肝宁大剂量组和熊去氧胆酸组中肝组织HSP70的阳性细胞数显著多于病理模型组和正常对照组（分别为P<0.05，P<0.01），脂肝宁大剂量组中HSP60的表达显著多于模型组及正常对照组（分别为P<0.05，P<0.01）。⑶ 脂肝宁大剂量组和熊去氧胆酸组肝细胞超微结构较模型组明显改善，内无明显脂滴，线粒体嵴排列较整齐。结论: 脂肝宁、熊去氧胆酸对乙醇加高脂饮食诱发的大鼠脂肪性肝炎有较好的防治作用。提高热休克蛋白60、70的表达可能是其防治机制之一。     

血清谷氨酰转肽酶含量测定在慢性乙型肝炎中的临床意义

目的探讨血清谷氨酰转肽酶（GGT）含量变化在慢性乙型肝炎（CHB）不同程度肝脏病理损害中的变化规律及临床意义。方法测定70例CHB患者血清ALT、AST、GGT水平，同时行肝活体组织检查，对肝脏进行炎症分级和纤维分期。分析ALT、AST、GGT与CHB之间的关系。结果（1）ALT、AST、GGT随炎症程度和纤维化程度的上升而上升，但到G4和s4后则下降。GGT随ALT、AST的升高而升高，ALT、AST和GGT的相关系数分别为：0．322、0．328（P〈0．05）。在保肝治疗后，ALT较快降至正常且GGT保持在一个较低水平的为轻度CHB，而随着ALT下降，GGT仍持续在一个较高水平的为中度及重度CHB，其中重度CHB的GGT水平有所波动。结论血清GGT比ALT、AST更准确的反映肝脏的炎症程度，GGT的活动度给临床判断慢乙肝的炎症提供了重要的判断依据。     

乙型肝炎病毒S和前S1基因的融合构建及其在P. pastoris酵母中的表达

目的构建含有乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)S和前S1(preS1,10～50AA)表位的ss1融合基因,并在P.pastoris酵母中表达SS1融合蛋白。方法以HBV全基因组质粒为模板,扩增出目的区段:S(1～222AA)、preS1(10～50AA),以酶切-PCR的方法将其连接为ss1融合基因,然后克隆入表达载体pPIC3.5k;电穿孔转化毕赤酵母菌株GS115,筛选后进行诱导表达并对表达产物进行检测。结果表达产物的相对分子质量为30000左右,与抗HBs抗体和抗preS1抗体均有特异反应。结论ss1融合基因能够在P.pastoris酵母中高效表达,而且表达产物具有HBVS蛋白和preS1蛋白的抗原性,为进一步研究其免疫原性打下基础。     

利用寡核苷酸芯片检测乙型肝炎病毒基因突变

目的　利用寡核苷酸芯片平行分析乙肝病毒表面抗原区S、前核心抗原pre C区、X区、聚合酶P区 12个已知的突变位点。方法　针对S、pre C、X、P区的 12个突变位点 ,设计位于乙肝病毒反义链的 2 4条寡核苷酸探针和两对PCR引物 ,探针长度为 14～ 18bp ,其 5′端连有氨基己烷和T15间隔子 ,合成后经点样仪点到醛基化玻片上。两对PCR引物分别用于扩增S与P区内的 5个突变位点和X、前C区内的 7个突变位点 ,其中上游引物含有荧光标记。不对称PCR扩增所得到的荧光标记的单链DNA与寡核苷酸阵列杂交、清洗后经扫描分析实验结果。结果　在对 12个乙肝阳性样品前核心抗原C和X区的突变检测中 ,存在 176 2A→T ,176 4G→A联合突变的有 2例、1896G→A突变的 3例、同时存在 176 2A→T、176 4G→A联合突变和 1896G→A突变的 1例、未存在任何突变的样品 6例。在 12个乙肝阳性样品的表面抗原S的突变检测中 ,未发现有突变出现。部分样品的随机测序结果与寡核苷酸阵列杂交结果一致。结论　寡核苷酸芯片适于快速、平行、大量检测突变     

Detection of YMDD motif mutants by oligonucleotide chips in lamivudine-untreated patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection

Lamivudine, a nucleoside analogue, has been used widely as an effective antiviral agent for the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, the YMDD motif mutation of HBV polymerase resistant to lamivudine occurs very frequently after long term therapy. We developed an oligonucleotide chip for the detection of YMDD motif mutants resistant to lamivudine and investigated the prevalence of the mutants in patients with chronic HBV infection who had not been treated by lamivudine before. Forty patients who had not been treated with lamivudine were included in this study. Serum samples were tested by the oligonucleotide chips designed for detection of wild-type YMDD motif, M552V and M552I. Samples were confirmed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and direct sequencing. M552I mutants were detected by the oligonucleotide chips in 7.5% (3/40) of chronic HBV infected patients (2 chronic hepatitis and 1 cirrhosis). The results were in accordance with those of RFLP. YMDD motif mutants occur as natural genome variabilities in patients with chronic HBV infection who had not been treated with lamivudine before. Oligonucleotide chip technology is a reliable and useful diagnostic tool for the detection of mutants resistant to antiviral therapy in chronic HBV infection.     

215例急性和亚急性重型肝炎临床特征对比性分析

目的进一步了解急性重型和亚急性重型肝炎（简称急重和亚急重）患者的临床特征，以及它们之间的异同。方法收集和整理215例急重和亚急重住院患者的临床资料，使用X^2检验、t检验、回归分析等方法进行相关的统计学分析。结果①乙型肝炎病毒感染仍是急重和亚急重型肝炎的主要病因，均占30％以上。抗结核药物是药物性急重和亚急重肝炎的首要原因；②急重和亚急重患者肝性脑病发生率分别为78．13％和43．05％，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）；③急重患者的平均凝血酶原活动度低于20％，而亚急重患者平均凝血酶原活动度低于30％；④急重患者发生率前三位的并发症分别为肝性脑病、电解质紊乱及脑水肿；而亚急重则分别为腹水、电解质紊乱及肝性脑病；⑤急重和亚急重患者的病死率与病情最重时PT、WBC及中性粒细胞比例均呈正相关，而与PTA、TC均呈负相关；亚急重还与病情最重时TB、BLA及CRE呈正相关，与CHE、TG、PLT、ALB呈负相关。结论①急重和亚急重患者无论在好发年龄、肝性脑病发生率、肝性脑病出现时间，还是在凝血功能异常、预后与实验室指标等方面差异较大，属两个独立的疾病；②对于无肝性脑病的急重和亚急重患者，严重的凝血功能异常是一个重要的灵敏和特异性指标。     

Transfer factor (TF) treatment of patients with HBs-Ag-positive chronic active hepatitis

Summary It is a clinically and experimentally well supported working hypothesis that infection with hepatitis B virus may result in chronic active hepatitis in patients with suspected immune deficiencies. On this basis, a pilot study was performed in order to evaluate the effect of specific transfer factor (TF) in the treatment of HB_s-Ag-positive chronic active hepatitis. From the leukocytes of 500 ml venous blood each of 40 volunteers that had completely recovered from acute virus hepatitis B within the last 6 months, a unique TF pool (40 units of TF) was prepared according to the method of Lawrence. Preexaminations indicated that this preparation was able to enhance cellular immune reactions in vitro. Thirteen patients with HB_s-antigenemia and chronic active hepatitis (i.e., two liver biopsies within the last 6 or more months with the histological criteria of chronic aggressive hepatitis according to de Groote, elevated serum levels of bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, transaminase activities, and/or -globulines) were randomized: Seven received s.c. injections of two units of TF each on days 1 and 15, the other six saline. Conversion of skin reactions to some ubiquitous antigens occurred in the TF group, but no significant and constant drop of HB_s-Ag serum titers was observed. Although some of the biochemical parameters seemed to ameliorate in the TF group, the differences versus the control group did not prove to be significant within the limited number of patients under observation. The in vitro reactivity of patients' lymphocytes to HB_s-Ag, tested by means of the³H-thymidine uptake, was never found enhanced after TF application. In the used doses, specific TF was not effective in the treatment of HB_s-Ag-positive chronic active hepatitis; unfavorable side-effects were not observed.     

C基因型乙型肝炎病毒前C区及基本核心启动子突变与疾病进展的相关性研究

目的探讨HBV前C区（PreC）及基本核心启动子（BCP）突变与慢性乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染者疾病进展的关系。方法收集88例慢性HBV感染者血清标本，包括36例无症状携带者（其中24例为HBV携带者，12例为HBsAg携带者）、36例慢性乙型肝炎（慢性乙肝）和16例肝硬化患者。所有标本均经型特异性引物PCR法鉴定为HBVC基因型，并用巢氏PCR法扩增HBVPreC和BCP基因片段，用PCR产物直接测序法测序，然后用ClustalW1．8软件进行序列分析。结果在50例HBeAg阳性患者中，无症状携带者、慢性乙肝和肝硬化组的T1762／A1764双突变率和T1846突变率分别为12．5％、42．1％、100％和0％、5．3％、28．6％，差异均有统计学意义（P值分别为0．03和0．02）。在38例HBeAg阴性HBV感染者中，无症状携带者、慢性乙肝和肝硬化组的T1762／A1764双突变率分别为16．7％、58．8％和66．7％，差异无统计学意义（P=0．08）。肝硬化组的C／G1753突变率显著高于无症状携带者及慢性乙肝组（分别为55．6％、8．3％、11．8％，P=0．01），其A1896突变率也高于无症状携带者组（分别为55．6％、8．3％，P=0．01）。结论HBVT1762／A1764双突变与C基因型HBV慢性感染者的疾病进展有关。