Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: A single-center case series and literature review

Background

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an unusual cause of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Better recognition and diagnosis has raised awareness of this condition. However, the pathophysiology of SCAD and its prognosis are still little understood. We aimed to investigate the characteristics and prognosis of patients with SCAD, and subsequently performed a review of literature.

应用品管圈降低老年患者拔针后血肿发生率

目的:探讨应用品管圈降低老年患者拔针后血肿发生率的临床疗效。方法:本研究选择的对象为2014年2月至2014年8月来门诊接受输液治疗的1 246例老年患者,根据对输液患者在拔针过程中所采取的护理方案的不同将其随机分为对照组与观察组,每组患者623例,其中对照组患者在拔针过程中采用常规的管理方法;观察组在拔针过程中采用品管圈的管理方法。观察指标为两组患者拔针后的不良反应发生率。结果:对照组患者拔针后不良反应的发生率为15.57%,观察组患者拔针后的不良反应发生率为6.74%,观察组的不良反应发生率显著低于对照组患者,两组进行比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:相比于常规的管理方法,采用品管圈的管理方法在护理老年患者拔针后可以有效降低血肿的发生率,降低不良反应发生率,值得对品管圈的管理方法进行进一步的深入研究。     

CT混合征与CT血管成像斑点征对急性脑出血血肿扩大的预测价值

目的分析CT混合征与CT血管成像(CTA)斑点征对急性脑出血患者血肿扩大的预测价值。方法回顾性连续纳入2016年3月至2018年12月昆明医科大学第二附属医院脑血管病科收治的急性脑出血患者,发病6 h内进行基线CT及CTA扫描,明确血肿体积、部位、形态及密度(混合征及斑点征),并于发病24 h后复查CT判定是否出现血肿扩大,根据判定结果将符合纳入标准的186例急性脑出血患者分为血肿扩大组(56例)和非血肿扩大组(130例)。收集患者一般临床资料并进行组间比较,对血肿扩大的各影响因素进行Logistic回归分析,计算受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积并比较混合征与斑点征对血肿扩大的预测价值。结果血肿扩大组出现混合征[35.7%(20/56)]、斑点征[44.6%(25/56)]的比例明显高于非血肿扩大组[混合征12.3%(16/130)、斑点征15.4%(20/130)],差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为13.738、18.269,均P<0.01);患者入院时存在CT混合征(OR=3.273,95%CI:1.955~5.413)、CTA斑点征(OR=3.207,95%CI:1.275~8.069)及低GCS评分(OR=1.382,95%CI:1.215~1.573)、高血糖(OR=1.281,95%CI:1.088~1.509)、基线血肿体积大(OR=1.118,95%CI:1.023~1.222)、血肿形态不规则(OR=4.530,95%CI:1.297~15.828)均是血肿扩大的独立危险因素。混合征联合斑点征预测血肿扩大的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为51.8%、78.5%、50.9%、79.1%,其ROC曲线下面积为0.666(P<0.01),略高于单一斑点征(曲线下面积0.642,P=0.002)及单一混合征(曲线下面积0.617,P=0.011)。结论除血糖、GCS评分、基线血肿体积、血肿形态以外,混合征、斑点征也与血肿扩大相关。混合征联合斑点征预测急性脑出血血肿扩大的能力优于单一征象。     

儿童创伤性迟发性硬膜外血肿12例临床特征分析

目的分析12例创伤性迟发性硬膜外血肿(DTEDH)患儿的临床特征,以期提高临床对儿童DTEDH的认识。方法选取河南科技大学第一附属医院2014年4月—2018年4月收治的DTEDH患儿12例,回顾性分析其临床特征,包括临床表现、影像学特征、治疗方法及预后等。结果(1)临床表现:头痛7例,呕吐6例,不同程度意识障碍4例,单侧肢体肌力下降4例,脑脊液漏2例,癫痫1例。(2)影像学特征:12例患儿入院后首次颅脑CT检查均未发现硬膜外血肿表现,发现颅骨骨折伴颅内积气6例,局部脑挫裂伤2例,蛛网膜下腔出血1例;常规复查颅脑CT确诊DTEDH 5例,因症状加重急查颅脑CT确诊DTEDH 7例,CT表现为梭形高密度影。(3)治疗方法:3例患儿血肿量分别为10、10、15 ml,采用药物保守治疗;5例患儿血肿量为25~30 ml,行微创穿刺引流术治疗;4例患儿血肿量为30~50 ml,行开颅血肿清除+去骨瓣减压术治疗。1例患儿由于合并严重贫血而进行输血治疗。(4)预后:11例好转出院,1例因开颅血肿清除+去骨瓣减压术后并发肺部感染而死亡;11例好转出院患儿随访3~6个月均未遗留明显后遗症。结论儿童DTEDH起病较隐匿,致死率、致残率较高,对于高度怀疑DTEDH的患儿,临床医师应提高警惕并注意动态复查颅脑CT,以早期明确诊断,合理选择治疗方法以改善患儿预后。     

Is closed-suction drainage necessary after intradural primary spinal cord tumor surgery?

Purpose

The efficacy of closed-suction drainage in primary intradural spinal cord tumor surgery has not been addressed. We investigated whether closed-suction drainage is essential after primary intradural spinal cord tumor surgery.

Methods

From January 2003 to October 2011, 169 consecutive patients with primary intradural spinal cord tumors operated by a single surgeon were selected. Closed-suction drainage was inserted in patients before August 2007, but was not used after August 2007. After removal of tumor and meticulous hemostasis, the opened dura was closed and made watertight using 4-0 silk with interrupt suture and 1.0 cm³ of surgical glue was applied in common. Closed-suction drainage was inserted below the muscular fascia in 75 patients (group I, M:F = 39:36; 46.20 ± 15.63 years) and was not inserted in 94 patients (group II, M:F = 46:48; 51.05 ± 14.89 years).

Results

Neurological deficit precluding ambulation did not occur in all patients. Between group I and II, there were no significant differences in body mass index (22.75 ± 3.16 vs. 23.51 ± 3.22 kg/m²; p = 0.13), laminectomy level (2.45 ± 1.46 vs. 2.33 ± 1.91; p = 0.65), operation time (260.65 ± 109.08 vs. 231.52 ± 90.08 min; p = 0.06), estimated intraoperative blood loss (456.93 ± 406.62 vs. 383.94 ± 257.25 cm³; p = 0.18), and hospital stay period (9.25 ± 5.01 vs. 9.35 ± 5.75 days; p = 0.91). Two patients in group I underwent revision surgery due to wound problems, while revision surgery was not performed in group II (p = 0.20).

Conclusion

Closed-suction drainage may not be essential after primary intradural spinal cord tumor surgery.     

Dorsal Epidural Intervertebral Disk Herniation With Atypical Radiographic Findings: Case Report and Literature Review

Abstract

Background/Objective: Intervertebral disk herniation is relatively common. Migration usually occurs in the ventral epidural space; rarely, disks migrate to the dorsal epidural space due to the natural anatomical barriers of the thecal sac.

Design: Case report.

Findings: A 49-year-old man presented with 1 week of severe back pain with bilateral radiculopathy to the lateral aspect of his lower extremities and weakness of the ankle dorsiflexors and toe extensors. Lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium revealed a peripheral enhancing dorsal epidural lesion with severe compression of the thecal sac. Initial differential diagnosis included spontaneous hematoma, synovial cyst, and epidural abscess. Posterior lumbar decompression was performed; intraoperatively, the lesion was identified as a large herniated disk fragment.

Conclusions: Dorsal migration of a herniated intervertebral disk is rare and may be difficult to definitively diagnose preoperatively. Dorsal disk migration may present in a variety of clinical scenarios and, as in this case, may mimic other epidural lesions on magnetic resonance imaging.     

A practical prediction model for early hematoma expansion in spontaneous deep ganglionic intracerebral hemorrhage

Objective

Early hematoma expansion is a known cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The goal of this study was to identify clinical predictors of ICH growth in the acute stage.

Materials and methods

We studied 201 patients with acute (<6 h) deep ganglionic ICH. Patients underwent CT scan at baseline and hematoma expansion (>33% or >12.5 ml increase) was determined on the second scan performed within 24 h. Fourteen clinical and neuroimaging variables (age, gender, GCS at admission, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, stroke, hemorrhagic, antiplatelet use, anticoagulant use, hematoma density heterogeneity, hematoma shape irregularity, hematoma volume and presence of IVH) were registered. Additionally, blood pressure was registered at initial systolic BP (i-SBP) and systolic BP 1.5 h after admission (1.5 h-SBP). The discriminant value of the hematoma volume and 1.5 h-SBP for hematoma expansion were determined by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Factors associated with hematoma expansion were analyzed with multiple logistic regression.

Results

Early hematoma expansion occurred in 15 patients (7.0%). The cut-off value of hematoma volume and 1.5 h-SBP were determined to be 16 ml and 160 mmHg, respectively. Hematoma volume above 16 ml (HV > 16) ([OR] = 5.05, 95% CI 1.32–21.36, p = 0.018), hematoma heterogeneity (HH) ([OR] = 7.81, 95% CI 1.91–40.23, p = 0.004) and 1.5 h-SBP above 160 mmHg (1.5 h-SBP > 160) ([OR] = 8.77, 95% CI 2.33–44.56, p = 0.001) independently predicted ICH expansion. If those three factors were present, the probability was estimated to be 59%.

Conclusions

The presented model (HV > 16, HH, 1.5 h-SBP > 160) can be a practical tool for prediction of ICH growth in the acute stage. Further prospective studies are warranted to validate the ability of this model to predict clinical outcome.     

A population based study of outcomes after evacuation of primary supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage

Background and Purpose

The role of surgery after primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is controversial. To explore whether hematoma evacuation after ICH had improved short-term survival or functional outcome we conducted a retrospective observational population-based study.

Methods

We identified all subjects with primary ICH between 1993 and 2008 among the population of Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland. Hematoma evacuation was carried out by using standard craniotomy or through a burr hole. We compared mortality rates and functional outcomes of patients with hematoma evacuation with those treated conservatively.

Results

Of 982 patients with verified ICH during the study period, 127 (13%) underwent hematoma evacuation. Surgically treated patients were significantly younger (mean ± SD, 63 ± 11 vs. 70 ± 12 years; p < 0.001), had larger hematomas (66 ± 36 vs. 28 ± 40 ml; p < 0.001), lower Glasgow Coma Scale scores (median, 11 vs. 14; p < 0.001) and more frequently subcortical hematomas (68% vs. 24%; p < 0.001) than those treated conservatively. In multivariable analysis, hematoma evacuation independently lowered 3-month mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43–0.88; p < 0.03), particularly among patients aged ≤70 years with ≥30 ml supratentorial hematomas (adjusted HR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.14–0.49; p < 0.001). However, poor outcome was not improved by surgery (adjusted odds ratio 0.71; 95% CI 0.29–1.70).

Conclusions

Improved 3-month survival was observed in patients who had undergone hematoma evacuation relative to patients not undergoing evacuation particularly in the subgroup of patients aged ≤70 years with ≥30 ml supratentorial hematomas. Surgery might improve outcome if cases could be selected more precisely and if performed before deterioration.     

无创颅内压监测在早期预警高血压脑出血后血肿扩大中的意义

目的 探讨无创颅内压(NICP)监测在高血压脑出血(HICH)后血肿扩大早期预警中的作用及意义.方法 应用NICP监测技术前瞻性地对158例HICH病例进行动态监护,经颅脑CT证实后分为血肿扩大(HE)组和血肿稳定(HS)组,并对两组NICP、脑灌注压(CPP)、血肿侧与健侧NICP的差值(D值)及预后进行对比分析.结果 全组符合血肿扩大诊断59例(37.3％),其中91.5％的病例发生于起病12 h以内;同时,HE组NICP及D值较入院首测均显著增高(P=0.001和0.000),而CPP以及HS组NICP、CPP及D值则均与入院首测无显著改变(P＞0.05);对D值≥1.3 mm Hg的病例数分析,入院首测时两组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.873),而血肿扩大或24h后复测HE组为51例(86.4％),较HS组的7例显著增多(P=0.000);GOS评分HE组的良好率显著低于HS组(P=0.000),而植物生存及病死率则显著增高(P=0.005和0.036),但两组中残及重残的发生率差异均无统计学意义(P =0.604和0.256).结论 NICP因其无创、可连续监测的优点可能成为早期预警HICH后血肿再扩大的有效监测手段;而以D值作为观察指标时,这种预警可更为早期和敏感.