无法切除的复发头颈部鳞癌的姑息放疗

为评价头颈部鳞癌术后复发患者行姑息放疗的疗效及其影响因素，对１９８８年７月至１９９６年２月在我科接受姑息放疗的１０６例患者的资料行回顾性分析。结果：放疗后ＣＲ２２．６％（２４／１０６），ＰＲ３８．７％（４１／１０６），ＮＲ３８．７％（４１／１０６）；总有效率为６１．３％（６５／１０６）；放疗后挽救性手术成功率为４／９；疗后６３．２％（６７／１０６）的患者Ｋａｒｎｏｆｓｋｙ得分上升，症状减轻，生存质量提高；１、２、３年生存率分别为５４．７％（５８／１０６）、２１．７％（２３／１０６）和５．７％（６／１０６）；远处转移率２９．２％（３１／１０６），放疗并发症１０．４％（１１／１０６）。结论：姑息放疗是晚期头颈部鳞癌术后复发患者一种较好的治疗选择；为了提高疗效，放射剂量应尽可能高于５０Ｇｙ，采用超分割连续放疗技术和避免分段。     

The role of FDG PET in the clinical management of head and neck cancer

Positron emission tomography (PET) with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) allows the visualization of metabolic tissue activity. Use of FDG in in-vivo cancer imaging is based on enhanced glycolysis in tumor cells. In vivo experiments have demonstrated the potential use of FDG PET in squamous-cell head and neck tumors and the detection of tumor involvement in lymph nodes. Since its introduction in this area, several papers have appeared on the use of this imaging modality. Indications for the use of FDG PET in patients with head and neck cancer are discussed.     

Anemia is associated with decreased survival and increased locoregional failure in patients with locally advanced head and neck carcinoma: a secondary analysis of RTOG 85-27

Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to investigate the strength of association between anemia and overall survival, locoregional failure, and late radiation therapy (RT) complications in a large prospective study of patients with advanced head and neck cancer treated with conventional radiotherapy with or without a hypoxic cell sensitizer.

Methods and Materials: Between March 1988 and September 1991, 521 patients with Stage III or IV squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were entered into a randomized trial examining the addition of etanidazole (SR 2508) to conventional radiation therapy (RT) (66–74 Gy in 33–37 fractions, 5 days a week). Patients with hemoglobin (Hgb) levels measured and recorded prior to the second week of RT were included in this secondary analysis. Hemoglobin levels were stratified as normal (≥ 14.5 gm% for men, ≥ 13 gm% for women) or anemic (< 14.5 gm% for men, < 13 gm% for women). Locoregional failure rates were calculated using the cumulative incidence approach. Overall survival was estimated according to the Kaplan-Meier method. Late RT toxicity was scored according to the RTOG morbidity scale. Differences in rates of overall survival, locoregional failure, and late complications were tested by the Cox proportional hazard model.

Results: Of 504 eligible patients, 451 had a Hgb level measured and recorded prior to the second week of RT. One hundred sixty-two patients (35.9%) were considered to have a normal Hgb level and 289 patients (64.1%) were considered to be anemic. The estimated survival rate is 35.7% at 5 years in patients with a normal Hgb, versus 21.7% in anemic patients (p = 0.0016). The estimated locoregional failure rate is 51.6% at 5 years in patients with a normal Hgb, versus 67.8% in anemic patients (p = 0.00028). The estimated rate of grade 3 or greater toxicity is 19.8% at 5 years in patients with a normal Hgb, versus 12.7% in anemic patients (p = 0.063). On multivariate analysis, several variables were found to be independent predictors of survival including: T stage, Karnofsky performance status, N stage, age, total radiation dose to the primary, and Hgb level. Independent predictors of locoregional control included T stage, Karnofsky performance status, N stage, radiation dose, and Hgb level. The only variables which predicted for the development of late RT complications were gender (p = 0.0109) and age (p = 0.0167). These findings were consistent regardless of whether Hgb level was considered a dichotomous or continuous variable.

Conclusion: Low Hgb levels are associated with a statistically significant reduction in survival and an increase in locoregional failure in this large prospective study of patients with advanced head and neck cancer. Hgb level should be considered as a stratification variable in subsequent studies of head and neck cancer. Strategies to increase Hgb prior to RT in patients with head and neck cancer may lead to improved survival and loco-regional control.     

Squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck in Norway, 1953-92: an epidemiologic study of a low-risk population

Trends in incidence, five-year relative survival, and mortality among patients in Norway with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral sites, oro-/hypopharynx, and larynx were studied for the period 1953-92. Throughout the first part of the study period, age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIR) of oral cancer remained stable in both genders. Since the end of the 1960s, AAIRs increased by 13 percent per five-year period in males and 12 percent in females. The figures suggest increased male incidence rates of oral cancer in younger age groups. During the same period, AAIRs of cancers of the oro-/hypopharynx in males increased by 19 percent per five-year period. The AAIRs of laryngeal cancer increased steadily from 1953-92 among both males and females by 17 percent and 21 percent per five-year period, respectively. For all sites, changes in AAIRs for males were greater in rural than in urban areas. No improvement in detection of disease at a localized stage was observed for either gender. There are indications of improvements in the five-year relative survival rates for oral and pharyngeal cancer in both genders. For all sites, relative survival was better in younger than in older patients. Only in the case of pharyngeal cancer in males was an increase in disease-specific mortality rates positive for a time trend.     

邻关节骨囊肿的临床特点

目的探讨邻关节骨囊肿的临床特点。通过1例股骨头颈部临关节骨囊肿诊治中发现新的病理改变,追问有髋部疼痛、跛行15年病史,关节面软骨破坏、磨损、消失,囊肿周围骨质硬化、变白,髋臼亦硬化、变白。方法采用手术治疗的股骨头颈部邻关节骨囊肿进行分析,手术方法行股骨头颈部肿瘤切除人工全髋关节置换术,术中发现头颈部圆形破坏5·0cm×3·4cm×3·2cm,关节间隙消失,半脱位,圆形骨质破坏内含胶冻样物并有灰白纤维组织囊壁,囊壁易剥离,厚约2mm,股骨头剖面正常骨质消失,转化为白色硬化矿化骨,髋臼骨质亦硬化、变白。结果随访8个月,病灶无复发,功能良好。结论邻关节骨囊肿是一种罕见的类肿瘤疾患,难于早期正确诊断;建议行MRI检查,并尽早结合手术探查及病理检查完成诊治。     

细胞因子基因联合放射治疗小鼠头颈部鳞状细胞癌的实验研究

目的观察白细胞介素-2(interleukin-2,IL-2)基因与白细胞介素-12(interleukin-12,IL-12)基因联合放射治疗小鼠头颈鳞状细胞癌(鳞癌)的疗效.方法模拟临床头颈肿瘤治疗方案,利用鳞癌SCCⅦ细胞株在C3H/HeJ小鼠口底建立头颈鳞癌的荷瘤动物模型,在荷瘤部位直接注射多价阳离子脂质体包裹的表达IL-2基因和IL-12基因的真核表达质粒,对照组分别注射无目的基因的空载体和磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphatic buffered saline,PBS).次日给予2 Gy直线加速器的局部肿瘤放射治疗(简称放疗).4 d后重复IL-2基因和IL-12基因局部治疗.观察肿瘤治疗前后大小变化,检测肿瘤组织中CD4+、CD8+的表达、IL-2和 IL-12的表达水平及自然杀伤(natural killer,NK)细胞和细胞毒T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T-lymphocyte,CTL)的活性.结果 IL-2基因和IL-12基因联合加放疗治疗组肿瘤生长明显受抑制,疗效显著优于单基因加放疗治疗组、单基因治疗组和各对照组.在注射有IL-2基因及IL-12基因的治疗组中,IL-2与IL-12表达水平明显升高,小鼠脾细胞NK细胞活性和CTL杀伤活性增强,肿瘤组织内可见大片坏死,并含有大量的CD4+,CD8+淋巴细胞浸润.结论多价阳离子脂质体携带的IL-2基因和IL-12基因治疗可提高肿瘤局部和机体全身的抗肿瘤免疫应答,能加强放疗的抗肿瘤效果.     

咽旁间隙肿瘤的手术治疗

目的：探讨咽旁间隙肿瘤的诊断、治疗和手术入路的选择。方法：回顾性分析接受手术治疗的34例咽旁间隙肿瘤患者的临床资料，包括症状、体征、组织学诊断、影像学检查和手术进路。结果：88．2％肿瘤为良性。16例起源于腮腺，神经源性肿瘤14例。颈侧进路26例；经口腔进路5例，颈侧及口咽联合进路2例；颞下窝入路1例。32例完全切除肿瘤。术后并发Horner综合征3例，声带麻痹5例，面瘫3例。术侧声带和舌下神经同时麻痹1例。随访13个月～10．5年，34例中30例治愈，1例好转，术后复发3例(均为多形性腺瘤)。结论：采用颈侧进路，能安全彻底切除咽旁间隙肿瘤，经口腔进路仅适合于肿瘤边界清楚、组织明显突出于咽侧且表浅局限者。     

上颌骨外旋入路切除颅底及咽旁间隙肿瘤

目的：探讨颅底及咽旁间隙肿瘤切除的最佳手术入路。方法：2例咽旁间隙肿瘤、1例颅底肿瘤患者均采用上颌骨外旋入路，取Weber-Ferguson-Longmire切口，形成以咬肌为蒂的上颌骨肌皮瓣并外旋，充分暴露鼻咽部及咽旁间隙，直视下完整切除肿瘤。以颊部脂肪堵塞残留空腔，行上颌骨骨瓣复位。结果：3例术后切口愈合良好，颌面部无明显畸形及颌面功能障碍，其中1例术后行放疗。3例术后随访10个月～2年，肿瘤均无复发。结论：上颌骨外旋是切除颅底及咽旁间隙肿瘤的较佳手术入路，能充分暴露颅底及咽旁间隙、鼻咽部，在直视下完整分离切除肿瘤，手术安全，损伤小，术后功能恢复良好。     

A UK multi‐centre pilot study of speech and swallowing outcomes following head and neck cancer

Speech and swallowing are important components of health‐related quality of life following head and neck cancer treatment. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the value of prospective multi‐centre evaluation by Speech and Language Therapists and to compare health‐related quality of life with speech and swallowing impairments. The University of Washington Head and Neck questionnaire version 4 (UW‐QOL) and Therapy Outcome Measures (TOM) were rated before and 6 months after cancer treatment in 95 patients from 12 centres. There was deterioration in TOM scores at 6 months. Pretreatment UW‐QOL swallowing was ranked equal first, with speech fourth. At 6 months speech was first and swallowing second. There were positive correlations between UW‐QOL swallowing and TOM dysphagia and between UW‐QOL speech and TOM laryngectomy, voice, phonology and dysarthria disorders. Both outcome measures are suitable for routine practice. Adaptation of TOM scales for use with head and neck cancer patients may improve sensitivity, validity and therapist compliance.     

直立倾斜试验对血管迷走神经性晕厥的诊断价值

目的　探讨直立倾斜试验对血管迷走性晕厥的诊断价值及其局限性。方法　对 12 9例不明原因晕厥患者及 5 4名无晕厥病史健康对照者进行直立倾斜试验 ,先进行基础倾斜试验 (倾斜 70°、持续 30 min) ,阴性者再进行两阶段的异丙肾上腺素的激发试验。结果　 112 9例晕厥患者中 ,倾斜试验阳性者 88例 (阳性率 6 8.2 % ) ,5 4名对照组中阳性者 6名 (阳性率 11.1% ) ,晕厥组阳性率明显高于对照组 ,差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 0 5 )。本次试验的灵敏度 6 8.2 % ,特异度 88.9%。 2患者年龄越大阳性反应率越低 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,性别对试验的阳性反应率影响不显著 (P=0 .31)。结论　倾斜试验设备简单、易于操作、是血管迷走性晕厥的一项比较安全有效的诊断方法。