团体干预法对公交司售人员控烟知识态度与行为影响

目的探讨团体控烟干预对公交司售人员控烟知识、态度与行为的影响。方法采用包括成立领导机构、出台内部管理办法、创造控烟氛围、培训知识、主题研讨、提供戒烟帮助、典型经验会等综合措施对襄阳市公交公司进行团体控烟干预研究。结果干预6个月前后,364名调查对象知识得分分别为(45.1±6.7)分和(70.6±7.2)分,态度认知率分别为68.9%和86.3%,吸烟率前后分别为68.0%和32.7%,经t检验、χ2检验,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论通过团体干预实施,有效的提高了司售人员的控烟知识水平,增强了控烟积极性,即时干预吸烟率有了明显下降,团体干预方法值得推广。     

山东济南地区猩红热的病原学检测及药敏分析

目的观察济南地区猩红热患者的病原菌及对目前常用抗菌药物的敏感性。方法对2011年1月至2013年6月济南市传染病医院住院的猩红热患者,进行咽拭子采集、细菌培养,细菌鉴定后采用K-B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验。结果50例猩红热患者培养出A组13型溶血性链球菌（GAS）,GAS对青霉素、氨苄青霉素、头孢曲松、头孢噻肟钠、头孢呋辛、头孢唑林、头孢唑肟及万古霉素的敏感性均为100％;对左旋氧氟沙星、氧氟沙星的敏感率为94％、中介率为6％;对克林霉素的敏感率为8％、中介率为4％、耐药率为88％;对红霉素的耐药率为100％。结论山东济南地区猩红热的病原菌GAS对大环内酯类抗菌药物和克林霉素耐药率高,对青霉素类、头孢菌素类及喹诺酮类抗菌药物具有高度敏感性,青霉素类仍然是治疗猩红热的首选药物。     

WHO's role in the global health system: what can be learned from global R&D debates?

Recent global debates on the research and development (R&D) of health technologies, such as drugs, diagnostics and vaccines, can be seen as a microcosm of discussions on the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in the global health system more broadly. The global R&D system has come under heightened scrutiny with the publication of a 2012 report by the WHO Consultative Expert Working Group on Research and Development (CEWG), which made a number of recommendations to more equitably meet global health needs. The CEWG report followed a decade-long process of debate at the WHO on the weaknesses of the global R&D system, which include problems of affordability, limited research where market returns are small or uncertain (such as the ‘neglected diseases’ that predominantly affect the world's poorest), inefficient overlap of research efforts, and overuse of medicines such as antibiotics. The CEWG report called on WHO Member States to develop a global framework to improve monitoring, coordination and financing of R&D efforts through the establishment of a Global Health R&D Observatory and the negotiation of a binding treaty on R&D. While the treaty option has been put on the back-burner for several years, Member States nevertheless agreed at the 2013 World Health Assembly (WHA) on concrete steps towards a global framework. Progress at the 2013 WHA reaffirmed the central role of WHO as a convener, and the WHA's decision to create the Observatory within the WHO Secretariat underscored the organization's role as a source of strategic knowledge in the global health system. However, despite WHO's constitutional mandate as the ‘directing and coordinating authority on international health work’, in reality it faces major challenges in coordinating autonomous R&D actors such as states, firms and foundations in the global system. Strengthening its ability to do so requires, at a minimum, reforming its financing arrangements to provide it with a greater degree of independence from its largest donors. In addition, WHO may seem to be the natural arena for negotiating a binding R&D treaty, but negotiating new global agreements in other arenas such as the WTO, WIPO, or plurilateral fora offer the possibility of more enforceable and stronger public health norms. Nevertheless, no single arena in the existing system of global governance is perfectly suitable for the negotiation of progressive, inclusive, binding, enforceable, global health rules. While tradeoffs are inherent in the choice of any particular arena, leadership from either the multilateral institutions or influential governments can make a key difference in how beneficial any R&D treaty may be for health. In the coming years, global R&D debates will remain a critical issue to watch. The evolution of the global R&D system will be a harbinger not only of WHO's place in a rapidly-changing global health system, but also of our collective capacity to strengthen institutions of global governance for health.     

Specific dance movement therapy interventions—Which are successful? An intervention and correlation study

This intervention study examined the correlation between specific DMT interventions and the improvement in quality of life, stress management, and stress reduction. Dance therapists (N = 11) completed 970 Intervention Checklist 1 (specific interventions at the individual level) and 120 Intervention Checklist 2 (specific interventions at the group level) reports during the course of 10 treatment sessions. The scores denoted by each therapist on the Intervention Checklists were compared with the scores of each client in the treatment group (N = 97) on standardized questionnaires. The successful therapists applied a self-selected approach and combined in-depth DMT approaches with specific interventions. These findings demonstrated the relationship between clients’ improvement in quality of life, coping, reduction of stress and the use of psychodynamic-oriented DMT, the Chace approach, the combination of directive and non-directive leadership styles, and interpersonal closure. The clients who performed dance improvisation, spatial synchrony, synchrony in effort and who received focused treatment sessions exhibited improved daily life and decreased somatization symptoms. These results indicate that specific DMT interventions were associated with an improvement in well-being, whereas other DMT interventions should be used cautiously until further research demonstrates their effectiveness. Additional successful DMT interventions must be identified in future studies.     

Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal infections: A review with an Indian perspective

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is an important cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world. Asymptomatic colonisation of the vagina and rectum with Group B streptococci is common in pregnancy. Maternal colonisation of GBS can vary depending on ethnicity and geographical distribution. Vertical transmission of this organism from mother to foetus may lead to neonatal GBS disease. Intra-partum use of antibiotics in these women has led to a decrease in the rate of early onset but not late onset GBS disease. Identification of women with GBS is the key factor in the prevention of perinatal GBS disease. There are different screening strategies available to identify women at risk of perinatal GBS disease. Clinicians continue to face the challenge of choosing between preventive strategies to reduce the impact of perinatal GBS disease. Controversy exists regarding the ideal preventive strategy. In India, the mortality and morbidity associated with the GBS disease remains largely a under-recognised problem. This comprehensive review summarises the salient features of GBS disease and discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, screening strategies, intra-partum antibiotic prophylaxis with an Indian perspective and how it compares with the Western nations.     

茯苓饮片的紫外光谱分析

目的建立茯苓饮片的紫外光谱分析方法。方法采用紫外光谱分析方法,以4种不同极性的溶剂分别提取茯苓饮片,在200~400 nm内分别对4种提取液进行紫外扫描。结果茯苓饮片的紫外光谱图像特征明显。结论本法简便,准确,灵敏,可用于鉴别茯苓饮片。