Maternal Employment During Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes: Evidence From Danish Siblings

I use Danish survey and administrative data to examine the impact of maternal employment during pregnancy on birth outcomes. As healthier mothers are more likely to work and health shocks to mothers may impact employment and birth outcomes, I combine two strategies: First, I control extensively for time‐varying factors that may correlate with employment and birth outcomes, such as pre‐pregnancy family income and maternal occupation, pregnancy‐related health shocks, maternal sick listing, and health behaviors (smoking and alcohol consumption). Second, to account for remaining time‐invariant heterogeneity between mothers, I compare outcomes of mothers’ consecutive children. Mothers who work during the first pregnancy trimester have a lower risk of preterm birth. I find no effect on the probability of having a baby of small size for gestational age. To rule out that health selection of mothers between pregnancies drives the results, I focus on mothers whose change in employment status is likely not to be driven by underlying health (mothers who are students in one of their pregnancies and mothers with closely spaced births). Given generous welfare benefits and strict workplace regulations in Denmark, my findings support a residual explanation, namely, that exclusion from employment may stress mothers in countries with high‐female employment rates. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A working reality: Evaluating enhanced intersectoral links in supported employment for people with psychiatric disabilities

Background/aim: Supported employment (SE) program‐mes have been found to improve the rates of competitive employment for people with severe mental illness. Evidence has suggested that the most effective SE model is one in which the employment specialist is co‐located with mental health services. However, this may not always be achievable. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the enhanced intersectoral links approach to SE. Methods: A total of 43 people with a mental illness participated in the programme in which formal links were created between a community mental health team and three employment services. The outcomes of the programme were evaluated over 24 months. Results: Of all participants, 77% achieved a competitive employment outcome, with 60.6% remaining in employment at the end of the evaluation period. The average duration of employment was 44.8 weeks. For those who were unable to maintain a job, the average period of employment was 14.2 weeks. The study found that participants with less severe symptoms at baseline were more likely to obtain employment and those who had worked in the year preceding entry into the programme were employed for a higher proportion of time. The factors related to job loss were the short‐term nature of the position, cognitive difficulties and social skills. Conclusions: The study found that the enhanced intersectoral links approach was effective in achieving outcomes consistent with international studies of SE programmes and may offer a viable alternative to the co‐location of employment specialists with community mental health teams.     

Maternal Employment and Overweight Among Hispanic Children of Immigrants and Children of Natives

This research examines the relationship between maternal employment and child overweight among fifth grade Hispanic and non-Hispanic white children. Data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten (ECLS-K) cohort fifth grade sample (N = 4,360) were analyzed. OLS regression models were estimated predicting percentile BMI as a function of maternal employment, ethnicity, parental nativity status, income, and the interactions of employment, ethnicity/nativity, and income. Among Hispanic children of immigrants, maternal employment is associated with lower percentile BMI and this association strengthens at higher levels of income. Among Hispanic children of natives and non-Hispanic whites, maternal employment is beneficial (i.e. associated with lower percentile BMI) among low-income children but detrimental among high-income children, but this pattern is significantly greater in strength for Hispanics than non-Hispanic whites. Thus, maternal employment is associated with worse health outcomes only in the case of Hispanic children of natives, and maternal employment is associated with the best outcomes for Hispanic children of mothers from high-income families. We speculate that among children of immigrants, maternal employment may signify and/or accelerate assimilation towards middle- or upper-class American values of healthy weight and body size. Diet, meal regularity and supervision, and childcare did not mediate the relationship between maternal employment and overweight.

Working at night and work ability among nursing personnel: when precarious employment makes the difference

Purpose  To test the association between night work and work ability, and verify whether the type of contractual employment has any influence over this association. Methods  Permanent workers (N = 642) and workers with precarious jobs (temporary contract or outsourced; N = 552) were interviewed and filled out questionnaires concerning work hours and work ability index. They were classified into: never worked at night, ex-night workers, currently working up to five nights, and currently working at least six nights/2-week span. Results  After adjusting for socio-demography and work variables, current night work was significantly associated with inadequate WAI (vs. day work with no experience in night work) only for precarious workers (OR 2.00, CI 1.01–3.95 and OR 1.85, CI 1.09–3.13 for those working up to five nights and those working at least six nights in 2 weeks, respectively). Conclusions  Unequal opportunities at work and little experience in night work among precarious workers may explain their higher susceptibility to night work.     

中医类护生学习生活现状与就业信心分析

目的:通过比较和讨论中医学校护生与其他卫生学校护生在专业满意度、专业课成绩满意度、月均生活费、就业信心等方面的异同,为加强中医学校护生就业指导工作,端正就业心态提出对策。方法:抽样问卷调查甘肃省4所卫生学校1 357名在校生,分析差异和相关性。结果:中医院校学生对所学专业的满意度、月均生活费用、就业信心与其他学生之间存在显著差异。结论:为培养中医院校学生健康的就业心态,学校教师必须注意激发学生的学习动机,在严把教学关的基础上,把关注学生就业信心,适应就业市场需求等方面作为工作的重点。     

Caring hours and possible need for employment support among primary carers for adults with mental illness: Results from an Australian household survey

Intensive unpaid caring is associated with greater likelihood of not being employed, but impacts for mental health carers specifically remain unknown. This study aimed to: (a) examine the association between caring intensity and not being employed for primary mental health carers, (b) ascertain whether this relationship differs from that for other disability carers, (c) enumerate Australian primary mental health carers with a possible need for employment support and (d) describe these carers’ unmet support needs and barriers to employment. Co‐resident, working age primary mental health (n = 137) and other disability carers (n = 821) were identified in the Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers (collected July‐December 2015). Multiple logistic regression analyses examined associations between levels of caring intensity (1–9, 10–19, 20–39, 40+ hr/week) and not being employed. A ‘possible need for employment support’ indicator was derived from information about current employment status, caring hours, past impact of caring on employment and desire for more work or workplace accommodations. After controlling for demographic and caring role factors, mental health carers providing 40+ hr of care weekly had greater odds of not being employed compared to carers providing <10 hr (AOR 13.38, 95% CI: 2.17–82.39). For other disability carers, the odds of not being employed were also higher among those providing 20–39 hr of care (AOR 3.21, 95% CI: 2.18–4.73). An estimated 54.1% (95% CI: 43.1–64.8) of carers had a possible need for employment support, with the proportion increasing as level of caring intensity increased. Of carers who were not employed, 42.2% (95% CI: 30.3–55.0) reported a desire to work, and the main reported barrier was no alternative care arrangements or disruption to the person supported. Findings suggest that improving employment participation for mental health carers requires a greater balance between unpaid care and access to formal services for people with mental illness.     

抗疫精神引领中医药院校学生就业观培养的耦合研究

伟大的抗疫精神是对当代中国实践精神的生动诠释,其丰富的内涵与中医药院校学生就业观的培养具有一致的逻辑起点、同样的精神归宿和向上的价值引领.将伟大抗疫精神作为就业思政的重要着力点,通过"常存仁爱之心、常修奉献之德、常立报效之志、常为登攀之行、常抒家国之情"5个方面的就业观路径培养,促使中医药院校学生形成良好的就业观、成才...     

Early labor force exit subsequent to permanently impairing occupational injury or illness among workers 50‐64 years of age

Background

Severity of workplace injury tends to increase with age. Whether older workers who experience a workplace injury or illness exit the labor force sooner than comparable peers is not established.

Methods

A case‐cohort study design and complementary log‐log model were used to identify factors associated with average time to early substantial labor force exit among workers’ compensation claimants 50‐64 years of age with permanent impairment from an occupational injury or illness. Analysis was based on Ontario's workers’ compensation claimant data from 1998 to 2006 linked with Canadian tax files.

Results

Workers with permanent impairment left the labor force earlier, on average, than peers without claims. Early retirement was associated with older age in the injury/illness year, greater impairment, lower pre‐claim income, physically demanding jobs, and soft‐tissue injuries.

Conclusions

Policies aiming to extend older adults’ working lives should account for the potentially disparate impacts on older workers of occupational injury and illness.

     

Public expenditure costs of carers leaving employment in England, 2015/2016

In the context of global population ageing, the reconciliation of employment and unpaid caring is becoming an important social issue. The estimation of the public expenditure costs of carers leaving employment is a valuable measure that is of considerable interest to policy makers. In 2012, the Personal Social Services Research Unit estimated that the public expenditure costs of unpaid carers leaving employment in England were approximately £1.3 billion a year, based on the costs of Carer's Allowance and lost tax revenues on forgone incomes. However, this figure was known to be an underestimate partly because it did not include other key benefits that carers who have given up work to care may receive. This paper presents a new estimate of the public expenditure costs of carers leaving employment. Key sources of information are the 2009/2010 Survey of Carers in Households, 2011 Census and 2015/2016 costs data. As well as Carer's Allowance, the estimate also now includes the costs of other benefits that carers leaving work may receive, namely, Income Support and Housing Benefit. The results show that the estimated numbers of carers who have left employment because of caring have increased from approximately 315,000 to 345,000. Due mainly to the inclusion of a wider range of benefits, the public expenditure costs of carers leaving employment in England are now estimated at £2.9 billion a year. The new estimate comprises £1.7 billion in social security benefits paid to people who have left their jobs because of unpaid caring, plus another £1.2 billion in taxes forgone on this group's lost earnings. The paper concludes that, if there was greater public investment in social care, such as “replacement care” to support carers in employment, and fewer carers then left employment, public spending on benefits would be lower and revenues from taxation would be higher.     

The effectiveness of medical and vocational interventions for reducing sick leave of self‐employed workers

We investigate whether interventions by (a) medical doctors and (b) occupational specialists are effective in reducing sick leave durations among self‐employed workers. Therefore, we exploit unique administrative data comprising all sick leave claims by self‐employed workers insured with a major Dutch private insurer between January 2009 and March 2014. We estimate a multivariate duration model dealing with nonrandom selection into the two intervention types by controlling for observable and unobservable claimant characteristics. We find adverse treatment effects for both interventions, irrespective of whether they are started early or (middle) late in the sickness spell.