Human fetal neocortical tissue grafted to rat brain cavities survives,leads to reciprocal nerve fiber growth,and accumulates host IgG

The human-to-rat xenograft approach offers possibilities to study aspects of primate cortex development and function without monkeys. Human fetal cortical tissue was grafted to prepared cortical cavities of immunosuppressed host rats. Fetal tissue fragments were collected after routine low-pressure vacuum aspiration abortions performed in the first trimester of gestation. Human derived neurons and human nerve fiber outgrowth were visualized by immunohistochemistry with antibodies against human neurofilament protein 70 kD (hNFP70). Ingrowth from rat host striatum or cortex into the grafts was analyzed by immunohistochemistry with antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase. Astrocytes were evaluated by immunohistochemistry with antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein. The grafts grew into different sizes (1–10 mm in diameter) and contained large numbers of hNFP70-positive nerve fibers. All grafts gave rise to outgrowth of hNFP70-positive fibers into the host with partly a cortical layering; layers III and IV received a majority of the human fibers. In several cases, the graft-derived nerve fibers entered the host brain at restricted areas, while there was no crossing over of nerve fibers at the rest of the graft-host interface. Tyrosine hydroxylase-positive fibers were usually not abundant in the grafts. Interestingly, cases of massive ingrowth occurred from host striatum into the graft in a pattern suggesting “permissive sites” at the graft-host interface in the same way as outgrowth from graft to host was found. Additionally, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers from host cortex were found to grow into the transplant. Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity was increased at the interfaces between graft and host cortex or host striatum. Immunohistochemistry using antibodies against rat IgG indicated the presence of rat IgG within the grafts, and in bordering areas of host brain, possibly indicating a defective graft-host barrier. Taken together, these results show that human cortical-tissue pieces grafted to cortical cavities of immunosuppressed rats survive grafting and develop, and that reciprocal nerve fiber growth between grafts and hosts occur. Human cortical neurons can grow into the rat host brain in a pattern which is partly determined by host cortical architecture. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Cerebellar Abnormalities Induced by Intracisternal Injection of Cytosine Arabinoside in Neonatal Mice

Abstract In order to examine the direct effects of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) on cerebellar development, Slc:ICR mice were treated intracisternally with a single dose of 160 μ Ara-C on day 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 or 10 after birth. The mice in each group were killed at 30 days of age. Cerebellar weight was heavily reduced, but body and total brain weights were only slightly reduced in all Ara-C-treated groups. In mice treated on day 0, 1 or 2, derangement of the layered structure of the vermis was evident in the anterior folia. In the immunohistochemical examinations with GFAP and S-100 protein, Bergmann glial fibers ran tortuously and not perpendicular to the pia mater in the disarranged area. Bergmann glial cell bodies were scattered in the cerebellar cortex and not always adjacent to Purkinje cells. In the group treated on day 4 or later, the layered structure of the vermis was well preserved.     

Uptake of [3H]serotonin and [3H]glutamate by primary astrocyte cultures. II. Differences in cultures prepared from different brain regions.

Regional astrocyte cultures were derived by dissecting six regions; brain stem, cerebellum, mesencephalon, basal ganglia plus diencephalon, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus, from 3 to 4-day-old neonatal rat brains. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunocytochemistry was used to confirm the astrocyte composition of the cultures. The percentage of GFAP (+) cells between regions varied from 75% to 100%. Once confluent these cultures were incubated with radiolabeled serotonin or glutamate for uptake and autoradiographic studies. For the different brain regions Na(+)-dependent, [3H] L-glutamate, and fluoxetine-sensitive [3H] 5-HT uptake varied markedly. The relative order of uptake for [3H] 5-HT was MS (mesencephalon) greater than CC (cerebral cortex) greater than BG + DI (basal ganglia + diencephalon) greater than HP (hippocampus) greater than BS (brain stem) greater than CB (cerebellum). For [3H] L-glutamate the order was HP greater than CC greater than BG + DI greater than MS = BS greater than CB. For [3H] 5-HT this essentially corresponds to the reported order of binding in situ of the [3H] 5-HT-specific uptake ligand [3H] citalopram. For [3H] L-glutamate regional variation of the uptake for the different cultures corresponds to the regional uptake reported for different regions of rat brain. Double-label studies with GFAP and radiolabeled neurotransmitters were also used to study uptake into GFAP(+) astrocytes by autoradiography. Flat GFAP cells with or without processes comprised 65-98% of the cultures and represented most of the uptake. The percentage of all GFAP(+) cells that were positive for uptake of ARG varied from 50% to 90% and also showed differences in grain density both intra- and inter-regionally. These differences in transmitter uptake by GFAP(+) astrocytes in primary culture, which are dependent on the region of origin and correspond to regional differences in situ, suggest that such uptake in vitro may reflect uptake by astrocytes in vivo. Implied in this is that uptake by astrocytes represents a significant component of serotonin uptake in vivo.     

Expression of Kin17 and 8-OxoG DNA glycosylase in cells of rodent and quail central nervous system

Kin17 and 8-Oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (Ogg1) are proteins, respectively, involved in illegitimate recombination and DNA repair in eukaryotic cells. To characterize the expression of these proteins in cell types of rodent and avian brains, we combined immunocytochemistry for either Kin17 or Ogg1 proteins with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, an astrocyte marker) immunodetection on the same tissue section. Both Kin17 and Ogg1 proteins were localized in cell nuclei and were extensively distributed in neuronal populations of quail and rodent brains. However, GFAP-immunoreactive cells were never labeled by Kin17 protein. This was observed in nerve fiber tracts, in the cerebral cortex, the hippocampal formation, the hypothalamic region, and the periventricular regions of the brain of both species studied. These results were confirmed by combining in situ hybridization of kin17 mRNA and GFAP immunodetection. On the contrary, GFAP-immunoreactive cells were often labeled by the Ogg1 protein in brain structures such as fiber tracts, the cortical surface, the cerebellum, and the ependymal surface of both quail and mouse brains. Our results suggest that the expression of the Kin17 protein (observed in neurons) and that of the Ogg1 protein (observed in neurons and glial cells) is conserved in brain phylogeny.     

Clinicopathological features of low-grade malignant endolymphatic sac tumors

Background

Low-grade malignant endolymphatic sac tumor (ELST) is a rare neoplasm, occurring in the inner ear and invading the temporal bone. This study aims to investigate the clinicopathological features of low-grade malignant ELSTs.

Enteric glial cells: New players in Parkinson's disease?

Lewy pathology has been described in neurons of the enteric nervous system in nearly all Parkinson's disease (PD) patients at autopsy. The enteric nervous system not only contains a variety of functionally distinct enteric neurons but also harbors a prominent component of glial cells, the so‐called enteric glial cells, which, like astrocytes of the central nervous system, contribute to support, protect, and maintain the neural network. A growing body of evidence supports a role for enteric glial cells in the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease and chronic constipation. We have recently shown that enteric glial cell dysfunction occurs in PD. In the present review, we discuss the possible implications of enteric glia in PD‐related gut dysfunction as well as in disease initiation and development. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society     

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??Objective    On the basis of this experiment in simulated clinical vascular compression of the trigeminal root??use the agar compression of trigeminal nerve root by 3D positioning to establish a new animal model of trigeminal neuralgia and relevant research. Methods    Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 2 groups??Experimental group??the rat head brain locator targeted to the trigeminal nerve root and 5% agar solution??10μL??was injected into the trigeminal nerve root by using miro syringe??Control group rats positioning micro syringe to the trigeminal nerve root injection of saline solution. Preoperative 1 d and postoperative 1??2??3??5??7??10??14??21??28??35??42 d respectively with behavioral observation of animals??Von Frey fiber mechanical stimulation reaction threshold determination in rats??use the ANOVA and T test for data statistics analysis. At the same time take the trigeminal nerve with HE and silver staining and trigeminal ganglion in the astrocytes GFAP immunefluorescence detection. Results    Experimental rat lateral mechanical stimulation reaction threshold operation gradually reduce and stabilize last about 30 days after surgery??P??0.05??. HE and argentophilic staining showed swelling of the nerve fibers??demyelinating changes??the surgical operation side trigeminal ganglion of rats in astrocytes increased GFAP expression. Conclusion    Agar compression in the rat trigeminal nerve root can establish a reliable and effective animal model for the future further research of etiology and treatment of TN provide a reliable and effective animal model.     

灯盏花素注射液联合曲克芦丁治疗急性脑梗死的临床研究

目的探讨灯盏花素注射液联合曲克芦丁治疗急性脑梗死患者的临床疗效。方法选取2019年1月—2020年3月在天津市泰达医院诊治的120例急性脑梗死患者为研究对象,随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组各60例。对照组患者静脉滴注注射用曲克芦丁,0.48g加入5%葡萄糖注射液250mL,1次/d;治疗组患者在对照组基础上静脉滴注灯盏花素注射液,20 mg加入生理盐水250 mL中,1次/d。两组患者均治疗2周。观察两组患者临床疗效,同时比较治疗前后两组患者神经功能缺损评分、日常生活活动能力评分、缺血半暗带体积及血栓素A2(TXA2)、前列腺素(PGI2)、TXA2/PGI2、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化脂质(LPO)、S100钙结合蛋白β(S100β)和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)水平。结果治疗后,对照组临床有效率为85.00%,显著低于治疗组的96.67%(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者NIHSS评分显著降低,FIM评分较治疗前均显著提高(P0.05),且治疗组患者NIHSS评分、FIM评分改善更明显,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者缺血半暗带体积较治疗前显著降低(P0.05),且治疗组缺血半暗带体积降低的更明显(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者TXA2、TXA2/PGI2、LPO、S100β、GFAP水平较治疗前均显著降低,PGI2、CAT、GSH-Px水平较治疗前均显著升高(P0.05),且治疗组患者上述指标改善更明显,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论灯盏花素注射液联合曲克芦丁可显著改善急性脑梗死患者的神经功能,有效抑制氧化应激反应,临床疗效佳,且安全性高,具有一定的临床推广应用价值。