上海市生活垃圾产生量预测方法研究

探讨了经济发展、消费水平、人口因素对城市生活垃圾产生量的影响,建立并研究了GDP、TCE(总消费支出)、RTCE(与生活垃圾产出相关的消费支出)等预测模型,其中RTCE修正模型具有重要的应用价值。可以较准确地预测未来上海市生活垃圾产生量变化情况。     

Differential expression of proteins in Pseudomonas mendocina SMSKVR-3 under arsenate stress

This study focuses on analyzing the protein expression pattern of intracellular proteins when Pseudomonas mendocina SMSKVR-3 exposed to 300 mM of arsenate to find out the proteins that are overexpressed or exclusively expressed in response to arsenate. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of protein expression at different time intervals showed the highest number of protein bands (14) that are overexpressed at 8 h of the time interval. It was also observed that treatment with at least 200 mM of As(V) is required to induce a difference in protein expression. Two-dimensional (2D)-PAGE analysis of 8-h sample exhibited 146 unique spots, 45 underexpressed, and 46 overexpressed spots in arsenate-treated sample. Based on the highest percent volume and fold change, three unique spots and one overexpressed spot were selected and analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) analysis followed by the MASCOT search. These proteins were identified as ribosome-recycling factor (20.13 kDa), polyphosphate:ADP/GDP phosphotransferase (40.88 kDa), ribonuclease P protein component (14.96 kDa) and cobalt-precorrin-5B C(1)-methyltransferase (38.43 kDa) with MASCOT score of 54, 81, 94, and 100, respectively. All of these proteins help the bacteria to overcome arsenate stress.     

Associations of economic and gender inequality with global obesity prevalence: understanding the female excess

Obesity is widely assumed to be associated with economic affluence; it has therefore been assumed to become more common with economic development. However, obesity has also been associated with poverty. These contrary findings highlight the need for an examination of the contribution of social and economic factors to the global distribution of obesity. Males and females may be differently exposed to social and economic inequality, however few studies have considered possible gender differences in the association between socio-economic indices and obesity prevalence. We analysed between-country associations between obesity prevalence and three social or economic indices: per capita gross domestic product (GDP), the Gini index of national wealth inequality, and the gender inequality index (GII). We considered the genders separately, the gender average, and also the gender difference (female excess) in obesity prevalence. Across 68 countries listing sample size, there were 3 obese women for every 2 obese men. Within populations, obesity prevalence in males and females was strongly correlated (r = 0.74), however, only 17% of the female excess prevalence was accounted for by the gender-average prevalence. In both genders, there was a positive association between obesity prevalence and GDP that attenuated at higher GDP levels, with this association weaker in females than males. Adjusting for GDP, both the Gini index and GII were associated with excess female obesity. These analyses highlight significant gender differences in the global distribution of obesity, and a gender difference in the association of obesity prevalence with socio-economic factors. The magnitude of female excess obesity is not constant across populations, and is greater in countries characterised by gender inequality and lower GDP. These findings indicate that improving women’s status may be a key area for addressing the global obesity epidemic over the long term, with potential benefits for the women themselves and for their offspring.     

Dopamine D2 receptor partial agonists display differential or contrasting characteristics in membrane and cell-based assays of dopamine D2 receptor signaling

Clinical evidence suggests that dopamine D(2) receptor partial agonists must have a sufficiently low intrinsic activity to be effective as antipsychotics. Here, we used dopamine D(2) receptor signaling assays to compare the in vitro functional characteristics of the antipsychotic aripiprazole with other dopamine D(2) receptor partial agonists (7-{3-[4-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)-piperazinyl]propoxy}-2(1H)-quinolinone [OPC-4392], (-)-3-(3-hydroxy-phenyl)-N-n-propylpiperidine [(-)3-PPP] and (+)terguride) and dopamine D(2) receptor antagonists. Aripiprazole and OPC-4392 were inactive in a guanosine-5'-O-(3-[(35)S]thio)-triphosphate ([(35)S]GTPgammaS) binding assay using Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell membranes expressing cloned human dopamine D(2Long) (hD(2L)) receptors, whereas (-)3-PPP and (+)terguride displayed low intrinsic activity. Aripiprazole also had no effect on [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding to CHO-hD(2L) cells, while OPC-4392, (-)3-PPP and (+)terguride were partial agonists. In contrast, aripiprazole, OPC-4392, (-)3-PPP, and (+)terguride were inactive in a [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding assay using rat striatal membranes. However, at a more downstream level of CHO-hD(2L) cell signalling, these drugs all behaved as dopamine hD(2L) receptor partial agonists, with aripiprazole displaying an intrinsic activity 2 to 3-fold lower (inhibition of forskolin-induced adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate accumulation) and almost half as high (enhancement of adenosine triphosphate-stimulated [(3)H]arachidonic acid release) as OPC-4392, (-)3-PPP and (+)terguride. Dopamine activity was blocked in each case by (-)raclopride, which was inactive on its own in every assay, as were the antipsychotics haloperidol, olanzapine, ziprasidone and clozapine. Together, these data, whilst preclinical in nature, are consistent with clinical evidence suggesting the favorable antipsychotic profile of aripiprazole, compared with the other clinically ineffective partial agonists, is dependent on its low intrinsic activity at dopamine D(2) receptors. This study also highlights the limitations of using [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding assays to identify dopamine D(2) receptor partial agonists.     

以1~3倍人均GDP作为药物经济学阈值的文献溯源及概念分析

目的:详述以1~3倍人均GDP作为药物经济学评价阈值的历史渊源及应用现状。方法:基于文献溯源和概念分析的方法对已有文献进行梳理总结。结果:1~3倍人均GDP阈值最初是以可避免的伤残调整生命年作为结果指标的平均成本效果比的阈值,后来学者逐渐以质量调整生命年替代伤残调整生命年作为结果指标,同时挪用其为增量成本效果比的阈值。结论:以1~3倍人均GDP作为药物经济学评价阈值无可负担性保证;该阈值假设条件不合理;同时,使用1~3倍GDP作为阈值时评价结果不具有外推性。     

浙江省各地区医药卫生科技资源与GDP相关分析

目的：探讨浙江省各地区医药卫生科技资源与GDP之间的相关性。方法：采用填表调查收集11个地区的医疗卫生科技资源情况，用秩和比法确定RSR值并相关性检验。结果：GDP和pGDP和科研经费RSR值之间呈显著性相关（P＜0．05），年均科研产出RSR值和年均科研投入与GDP和pGDP均呈显著相关（r=0.900,p=0.037,;r=0.900,p=0.037）；在年均科研投入与科研产出之间未见有显著意义的相关（P＞0．05）；结论：医药卫生科技资源的发展不开国民经济的发展。     

Purinergic stimulation of astroblast proliferation: guanosine and its nucleotides stimulate cell division in chick astroblasts.

A highly active fraction that was mitogenic for astroblasts but which contained no amino acids was identified during the purification of peptides from chick embryo brains. This material was purified by ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration through Diaflo PM-30 and YM-2 membranes and retention on Diaflo YC-05, followed by ion exchange chromatography and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a C18 Deltapak column. On thin layer chromatography and HPLC the material co-chromatographed with authentic commercially-obtained GMP. Its ultraviolet absorption spectrum was also identical with that of GMP. 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the isolated material were identical with those of GMP. The close match between the fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectra of the unknown material and authentic GMP indicated that the unknown material was GMP of molecular weight 363 Da. Authentic, commercial GMP stimulated the growth of cultured chick astroblasts in the same dose-dependent manner as the material from chick embryo brains; maximal stimulation was at 50 microM. Guanosine, GDP, and GTP also stimulated cell proliferation. The nucleotides were equally as effective as guanosine. 5'-Guanylyl imidodiphosphate, guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate), and guanosine 5'-N-(3-thiotriphosphate), guanine nucleotides which are relatively resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis, were also mitogenic, indicating that the nucleotides do not need to be degraded to nucleosides to be active and that they probably act extracellularly. Guanine nucleosides and nucleotides promoted astroblast growth when other growth factors were removed from the culture medium. The mitogenic effects of guanosine and its nucleotides were inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by micromolar concentrations of theophylline, a characteristic of phenomena mediated by purinergic receptors. Guanosine and its nucleotides are released in micromolar concentrations by hypoxic or dying cells. Under these circumstances these compounds may stimulate division of adjacent cells in vivo.     

核医学在胃癌隐匿转移诊断中的应用

目的　探讨核医学在提高胃癌隐匿转移的诊断和指导手术方案中的应用。方法　 3 0例胃癌术前13 1I -McAb3H11(鼠抗人胃癌单克隆抗体 3H11)肿瘤局部注射 ,在 2h、2 4h、48h、72h显像 ,同时行99mTcO4-胃粘膜显像 ;术中GDP手持式γ深测器。探测相关各部位 ,并与病理比较。结果　各时间段13 1I显像病灶清晰 ,2例于 48h ,72h见脾门部异常浓聚区 ,99mTcO4-显像病灶区显示放射性稀疏、缺损 ,余部轮廓完整、清晰 ;术中GDP探测对所有原发灶获得正确定位 ,对转移淋巴结判断的敏感性、特异性、准确率分别为 90 .7%、98.0 %、94.6%。结论　核医学检查有助于提高胃癌隐匿转移的诊断 ,弥补传统手术的不足 ;99mTcO4-胃粘膜显像在胃部疾病诊断中有一定的意义。     

基于健康产出的卫生总费用与GDP的关系研究

目的:为我国卫生事业的发展中卫生总费用指标的评价提供参考。方法:选用国内外通用性更好的卫生总费用占GDP比重、广义政府卫生支出占GDP比重两个卫生费用指标,以及出生时的期望寿命、婴儿死亡率、新生儿死亡率、5岁以下儿童死亡率4个健康产出指标,分析不同GDP水平下,卫生费用指标处于何种水平时,会与"优"的健康产出有关。数据来源于世界银行和世界卫生组织官方网站,覆盖214个国家、1995—2012年的数据。结果:不同人均GDP水平下,卫生费用指标与人均GDP之间的散点分布有不同的规律,结合了健康产出也是如此。不同人均GDP水平下,卫生费用指标取值不一定越高,健康产出越好。建议:在GDP不断发展的过程中,动态的进行相关研究。影响卫生费用和健康产出的因素更多更复杂,可以根据数据的可得性纳入更多的影响因素进入研究。人均GDP区间划分可以更细,但不宜过细。不能一味要求卫生总费用各项指标持续增长,同时要考虑社会、居民的承受能力以及投入产出。一套标准不可能适用于所有国家和地区的卫生总费用投入的评价,要根据本国的实际特点做出分析。对于卫生工作的考核,要充分考虑到卫生事业发展的最终目的是要改善居民的健康水平而非增加投入。