面神经管裂缺处面神经组织学观察

目的探讨先天性面神经管裂处神经外膜缺陷可能引起的病理学改变。方法采用光学显微镜对美国明尼苏达大学颞骨病理实验室１５２６具颞骨连续切片的面神经颞骨全程进行组织病理学观察。结果发现先天性面神经管裂者８８５耳，其中４８耳在管裂处神经外膜缺损，其中４０耳面神经从管裂处疝出，有１３耳在管裂处形成外生性面神经鞘瘤。３耳在管裂处面神经受炎性细胞浸润。而管裂处有神经外膜覆盖的８３７耳均未见此类病变。结论面神经管裂处神经外膜的缺损是此处面神经疝出、外生性神经鞘瘤形成和面神经易于受炎症浸润的组织解剖学原因。     

颞骨内微型面神经鞘瘤病理研究

目的探讨颞骨内微型面神经鞘瘤的原发部位和病理行为。方法用光镜对８１５人（１５２６侧）颞骨连续切片进行面神经颞骨内全程组织病理学观察。结果发现未诊断的无症状微型ＡｎｔｏｎｉＡ型面神经鞘瘤１５人（１７耳），占１．８４％。依其病理行为特征分为外生性（１３耳，起自面神经管裂处神经束膜，并向管外生长）和内生性（４耳，起自面神经主干）两种类型。肿瘤起自迷路段者２耳，水平段１２耳，第二膝段１耳，垂直段２耳。结论将颞骨内面神经鞘瘤分为内生性和外生性两种类型有重要的病理和临床意义，有助于手术目的的确定和手术方法的设计     

瞬目反射正常值及初步临床应用

目的了解健康成人瞬目反射正常值及其临床应用价值。方法采用Ｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ型神经肌肉记录仪检测，表面电极直接刺激眶上神经，诱发瞬目反射（ｂｌｉｎｋｒｅｆｌｅｘ，ＢＲ）。在同侧眼轮匝肌记录出短潜伏期波（Ｒ１）和双侧眼轮匝肌记录出长潜伏期波（Ｒ２，Ｒ２’）。对２０名（４０侧）健康人和３０例患者（其中包括三叉神经疾病，面神经疾病及听神经瘤）进行瞬目反射测试。结果ＢＲ潜伏期健康成人平均值Ｒ１为１０．１ｍｓ，Ｒ２和Ｒ２’为３０．４ｍｓ和３０．７ｍｓ。患者组患侧ＢＲ各波潜伏期延长，与健侧和健康人相比较，经ｔ检验，Ｐ＜０．０１，差异有极显著性。结论测试结果表明该技术简单、可靠，对三叉神经、面神经疾病和听神经瘤的早期诊断能提供有价值的电生理测试结果。     

Facial nerve outcome in lateral skull base surgery for benign lesions

Objective: To statistically identify factors most important in affecting CN7 outcome in lateral skull base surgery for benign lesions. Study Design: A retrospective review of 217 nonmalignancy lateral skull base procedures from 1970 to 1995 at the Otology Group in Nashville. Methods: Charts were reviewed for epidemiology, histopathology, staging, type of CN7 mobilization (none, short, long, severance with reanastomosis, and resection), preoperative and postoperative CN7 function, surgery performed, and survival. Results: Average House-Brackman (HB) scores for mobilizations were as follows: short, 1.65: long, 2.74: and grafting, 4.33. Factors found to affect outcome in a statistically significant fashion were preoperative HB score, staging, type of CN7 manipulation, and surgical approach. Meningiomas were found to have a worse outcome than glomus tumors. Conclusions: Complete resection of tumors should be performed with minimal manipulation of the facial nerve based on regional anatomy and tumor anatomy. Laryngoscope, 108:1480–1484, 1998     

A possible role for nerve growth factor in the augmentation of sodium channels in models of chronic pain

Inflammation induces an upregulation of sodium channels in sensory neurons. This most likely occurs as a result of the retrograde transport of cytochemical mediators released during the inflammatory response. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the subcutaneous administration of one such mediator, nerve growth factor (NGF), on the production of sodium channels in neurons of the rat dorsal root ganglion. For this, hindpaw withdrawal from either a thermal or mechanical stimulus was measured in rats at selected intervals for up to 2 weeks following injections of NGF. Sodium channel augmentation was then examined in dorsal root ganglia using site-specific, anti-sodium channel antibodies. Both thermal and mechanical allodynia was observed between 3 and 12 h post-injection. The hyperalgesic response returned to baseline by approximately 24 h post-injection. Sodium channel labeling was found to increase dramatically in the small neurons of the associated dorsal root ganglia beginning at 23 h, reached maximum intensity by 1 week, and persisted for up to 3 months post-injection. Pre-blocking NGF with anti-NGF prevented the NGF-induced decrease in paw withdrawal latencies and significantly reduced the intensity of sodium channel labeling. The results indicate that NGF is an important mediator both in the development of acute hyperalgesia and in the stimulation of sodium channel production in dorsal root ganglia during inflammation.     

Assessing accurate sizes of synaptic vesicles in nerve terminals

Chemical synaptic transmission occurs when vesicles within a presynaptic neuron fuse to the membrane and release their neurotransmitter content into the synaptic cleft, eliciting a response in the postsynaptic cell. If concentration of neurotransmitter is the same in all synaptic vesicles, the volume of the vesicle determines how much transmitter is released. Thus, variation in vesicular volume may contribute to observed variance of synaptic quantal unit size. The present study provides an approach to more fully and accurately characterize the dimensions of synaptic vesicles within a population containing varied sizes of vesicles. The methodology can be applied in a wide range of stereological problems. The approach characterizes the distribution of vesicle sizes within a population and provides a means to assess effects of experimental manipulations on vesicle dimensions. The mathematical treatments to obtain the true distribution of vesicle sizes involve extraction of the observed distribution from an enlarged population containing smaller vesicle diameters produced by sectioning of the specimens. A FORTRAN program is provided.     

P物质神经阻滞疗法治疗变应性鼻炎疗效观察

目的观察P物质神经阻滞疗法(CAP)治疗变应性鼻炎疗效和安全性.方法100例变应性鼻炎患者,用CAP在双侧鼻腔黏膜表面涂布,每日1次,连续15日为一疗程.结果100例在治疗后平均记分均明显降低,统计学分析差异均有显著性意义(P＜0.01),治疗后显效73例(73%),有效19例(19%),无效8例(8%),总有效率92%.无1例毒副反应.结论CAP疗法治疗方便、效果好、无副作用,是治疗变应性鼻炎的理想方法.     

听神经瘤切除与面神经功能的保存

目的探讨听神经瘤切除手术的面神经功能的保存.方法回顾性分析自1998年2月至2003年6月,在术中面神经监测下完成的听神经瘤切除手术48例,对三种手术进路的结果进行了比较.术前接受纯音测听、声阻抗测试、听觉脑干反应(ABR)、复合动作电位(CAP)及眼震电图(ENG)检查,并进行桥小脑角CT及MRI检查.术中皆进行面神经监测,面神经功能判断标准采用House-Brackmann(简称H-B)分级法.手术采用经迷路进路、乙状窦后进路和颅中窝进路三种.结果根据MRI结果,肿瘤限于内听道内者3耳,内听道外瘤体直径在1～2cm者8耳,2～3cm者12耳,大于3～5cm者25耳.48例中肿瘤完全切除者46例(96%),解剖学上保存面神经者47例(98%),术后7天内面神经功能达到H-B Ⅰ～Ⅱ级者达83%(40/48),其中乙状窦后进路组为84%(21/25),迷路进路组为83%(15/18),经颅中窝进路组为80%(4/5),各手术进路组之间基本相近.经乙状窦后进路组中有3例采用耳窥镜辅助下切除内听道内残存肿瘤,且完整保留面神经功能.结论听神经瘤切除术中应用面神经监测仪监测有助于提高面神经功能的保存率.耳窥镜辅助下克服了传统乙状窦后进路术式的难以完全暴露内听道内肿瘤的弊端.     

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂对大鼠面神经损伤修复的影响

目的 :探讨尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂 (uPA)在神经再生微环境中的作用机制 ,观察uPA对面神经断伤吻合后神经再生修复的影响。方法 :将 2 4只SD大鼠随机分为uPA组和对照组 ,建立大鼠面神经断伤修复模型 ,uPA组术后连续 5d腹部皮下注射uPA ,每天 3次 ,每次 5 0 0 0U/kg ,对照组注射等体积生理盐水。术后 1,7,14 ,2 1,4 2 ,84d取吻合处远侧段面神经 ,采用形态学、免疫组织化学和图像分析技术 ,观察分析两组中神经纤维的等效直径、周长和面积参数以及纤维连结蛋白 (fibronectin ,FN)和层粘连蛋白 (laminin ,LN)伤后早期的表达变化。结果 :术后 2 1,4 2d时uPA组新生神经纤维髓鞘面积和 4 2d时等效直径均较对照组恢复好 (P <0 .0 5 )。FN在术后表达逐渐增强 ,14 ,2 1d时较对照组明显增多 (P <0 .0 5 )。两组中LN术后表达均减少 ,随再生过程而逐渐增多 ,组间差别无统计学意义。结论 :面神经断伤吻合后应用uPA可降解纤维蛋白 ,使FN表达上调 ,有利于改善神经再生后的微环境 ,提高新生神经纤维的再生修复效果     

术中面神经监测的动物实验与临床研究

目的：探讨术中面神经监测的参数与面神经减压术后面瘫的预后之间的关系。方法：对15只健康新西兰家兔30侧面神经及21例周围性面瘫患者进行术中面神经监测，术后随访6个月以上，使用χ^2检验评估术中监测的情况与减压术后面瘫的预后之间的关系。结果：15只家兔30侧面神经监测中不同个体的面神经阈值几乎均为0．05mA，在面神经的水平段、垂直段、颞骨外段其阈值也几乎均为0．05mA。21例面瘫患者，术中肌电图(EMG)引出者14例，其中13例减压术后面瘫的预后好，1例测舌差；EMG未引出者7例，其中1例减压术后面瘫的预后好，6例预后差。结论：术中面肌EMG的阈值能够较客观、稳定地评估面神经的功能。术中面肌EMG能否引出可以辅助预测面神经减压术后面瘫的预后情况，EMG能引出者预后好，反之则差。