Effects of chronic TSH treatment on blood sugar,serum IRI and FFA levels of thyroidectomized dogs. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests

Summary The effects of TSH treatment (0.1 USPU/kg body weight/die, for 3–4 days) on the blood sugar, serum IRI and circulating FFA responses to glucose and insulin were studied. Blood sugar and serum FFA levels of the dogs, in basal conditions and at any time interval during the test were slightly modified by TSH treatment. The kinetics of insulin disappearance from blood was not affected while the mean serum IRI during the insulin tolerance test was moderately reduced, which suggests that insulin space is moderately raised by TSH. The serum IRI response to glucose (OGTT, IVGTT) was found to be significantly and intensely reduced. The possibility of an inhibitory action of TSH on the insulin response to glucose in dogs, excluding the participation of the thyroid, exerted via insulin space and secretion is discussed. This work, partly published in abstract form (I Congreso Latino-americano de Diabetes, Montevideo, October 22–25, 1972;VI Congreso Argentino de Biología, San Miguel de Tucumán, April 9–13, 1973, abstract # 131; 8th Congr. of the Int. Diabetes Fed., Bruxelles, July 15–20, 1973, abstract # 86), was sponsored by theConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina. Established Investigator,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina. Postgraduate Fellow, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.     

Sarcopoterium spinosum extract as an antidiabetic agent: In vitro and in vivo study

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) sp., a common plant in the Mediterranean region, is widely used as an antidiabetic drug by Bedouin healers. However, the antidiabetic properties of Sarcopoterium spinosum had not been fully validated using scientific tools.

Aim of the study

To determine the effectiveness of Sarcopoterium spinosum extract as an antidiabetic agent in vitro and in vivo.

Materials and methods

RINm pancreatic β-cells, L6 myotubes, 3T3-L1 adipocytes and AML-12 hepatocytes were treated with an aqueous Sarcopoterium spinosum extract (0.001–10 mg/ml). The effect of the extract on specific physiological functions, including insulin secretion, pancreatic β-cell viability, GSK3β phosphorylation, lipolysis and glucose uptake was measured. In vivo studies were performed using KK-A^y mice, given the extract for several weeks. IPGTT was performed, and plasma insulin, FFA, food consumption and body weight were measured. In addition, diabetic KK-A^y mice were given a single dose of the extract, and IPGTT was performed.

Results

Sarcopoterium spinosum extract increased basal and glucose/forskolin-induced insulin secretion in RINm cells, and increased cell viability. The extract inhibited lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and induced glucose uptake in these cells as well as in AML-12 hepatocytes and L6 myotubes. GSK3β phosphorylation was also induced in L6 myotubes, suggesting increased glycogen synthesis. Sarcopoterium spinosum extract had a preventive effect on the progression of diabetes in KK-A^y mice. Catechin and epicatechin were detected in Sarcopoterium spinosum extract using hyphenated LC–MS/MS.

Conclusions

Sarcopoterium spinosum extract has effects that mimic those of insulin and provide the basis for antidiabetic activity of the extract.     

影響NAION中心視力的因素及療效評價

目的探討非動脉炎性前部缺血性視神經病變(nonarteritic anteriorischemic optic neuropathy,NAION)影響中心視力的因素及治療效果,以利于療效評定及預後判斷.方法240例NAION患者(160例接受住院治療)的臨床資料,從中心視力、水腫程度、缺血部位、視野、FFA檢查等方面進行統計分析.結果240例NAION患者中心視力的損害程度,在不同缺血部位、水腫程度之間有顯著的差异(P＜0.005).160例患者住院治療,視盤水腫消退時間最長為35天,最短11天,平均時間21.5天,中心視力提高者104例,穩定者52例,有效率為97.5%,視野改善者134例,有效率為83.8%,FFA造影復查缺血改善者141例,有效率為88.1%.結論影NAION中心視力的重要因素是缺血部位、水腫程度,積極針對性的治療對防止NAION致盲有重要意義.     

Alpha-adrenergic antilipolytic effect of adrenaline in human fat cells of the thigh: comparison with adrenaline responsiveness of different fat deposits

Abstract. The present results show that isolated fat cells from the subcutaneous adipose tissue of the lateral part of the thigh exhibit resistance to adrenaline. However, inability of adrenaline to induce lipolysis is not linked to a β-receptor defect since a β-adrenoceptor-stimulating agent (isoproterenol) exerts a clear lipid mobilizing effect. The blocking of α-adrenoceptors by phentolamine (an α-adrenoblocking drug) unmasks the strong lipolytic effect of adrenaline. Moreover, our investigation demonstrates the occurrence of an inhibiting effect of adrenaline on theophylline-induced lipolysis. This inhibitory effect is suppressed by phentolamine and strengthened by propranolol (β-adrenoblocking drug). Thus it seems that one of the important facts able to explain adrenaline resistance of the adipocytes from the subcutaneous adipose tissue of the thigh could be increased alpha-adrenergic responsiveness initiated by mixed agonists such as adrenaline or noradrenaline.
Moreover, our data demonstrate that the differences in the lipolytic responses to adrenaline between isolated fat cells taken from different sites could be linked to a variable α-adrenergic-inhibiting effect rather than a modified β-adrenergic effect. In conclusion, the balance between the two receptor site activities could be different according to the anatomical localization of the fat deposits, thus explaining the differences in adrenaline responsiveness reported in this paper.     

Arrhythmogenicity of long-chain fatty acids for cultured rat heart myocytes

Cultures of beating rat heart myocytes were exposed for 1 h to stearic, oleic, linoleic or arachidonic acid (5 × 10^?5 M at a 2 : 1 or 6 : 1 FFA/albumin ratio) in hypoxic or normoxic medium with or without glucose. After the 1 h exposure the medium was changed again to normoxic medium without FFA but with an “equivalent” amount of albumin. The grade of arrhythmia was determined at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 h after addition of the medium containing FFA.Hypoxia during FFA exposure was not required for arrhythmogenesis although linoleic and arachidonic acids were less and stearic acid was more arrhythmogenic during initial hypoxia than during initial normoxia. Glucose slowed arrhythmogenesis produced by the unsaturated FFA during hypoxia and completely reversed arrhythmogenesis by stearic acid after 16 h with most treatments. Arrhythmogenesis resulting from unsaturated FFA was minimally affected by the FFA/albumin ratios used.     

Studies in hypertriglyceridaemia, III: glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and indices of adipose tissue lipolysis in randomly selected non-diabetic hypertriglyceridaemic Swedish men

Abstract. Hypertriglyceridaemia, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance are conditions associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease. In this study we have examined randomly selected non-diabetic hypertriglyceridaemic (HTG) males, 40–50 years ( n = 65) and age-matched normotriglyceridae-mic (NTG) controls ( n = 61). The (mean ± SD) insulin sensitivity index, as assessed by the Minimal Model method, was significantly lower in the HTG compared with the NTG group (3.69 ±2.96 vs. 6.29 ± 3.38 times 10^-4min^-1 per mUL^-1; P < 0.001). Thirty-eight per cent of the HTG group was glucose intolerant, compared with 8% in the NTG group (X²= 13.16; P <0.001). The glucose intolerant HTG sub-group had, when compared with the glucose tolerant one, significantly higher serum concentrations of apoB (1318±284 vs. 1094±312mgL^-1; P <0.01) and glycerol (84 ±26 vs. 65±22 nmolL^-1; P <0.01). Serum FFA concentrations were, irrespective of glucose tolerance/intolerance, higher in the HTG than in the NTG group. By logistic regression analysis with the HTG/NTG state as the dichotomous variable, it was found that neither a low insulin sensitivity, nor glucose intolerance were independently linked with the HTG state. Instead, the lower insulin sensitivity of the HTG group was related to their higher body mass index. The higher frequency of glucose intolerance in the HTG group was explained by their higher mean serum apoB concentration, when compared with the NTG group. In conclusion, this study of a randomly selected HTG group has confirmed the frequent coexistence of HTG, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. The new important finding was that neither of these two latter conditions appear to be of direct pathogenetic importance for HTG.     

单纯性肥胖症儿童血浆促酰化蛋白与血脂的关系

促酰化蛋白(acyfation stimufating protein，ASP)是由脂肪细胞分泌的一种生物活性物质，是调节脂肪细胞功能和脂肪储备的关键因素之一。ASP通过协调脂肪酸的酯化和葡萄糖的转运来调控脂肪细胞内甘油三酯(triglyceride，IG)的合成，与人类脂肪代谢密切相关。近年来，对血浆ASP、补体(C3)、游     

METABOLIC OBSERVATIONS IN INFANTS OF STRICTLY CONTROLLED DIABETIC MOTHERS Plasma Levels of Glucose, FFA, Glycerol and D-β-hydroxybutyrate during the First Two Hours after Brith

Arterial concentrations of FFA, glycerol, glucose and D-β-hydroxybutyrate were serially measured during the first 2 hours after birth in IDMs, IGDMs and in control infants. All diabetic mothers were subjected to a well defined program of control during pregnancy. IDMs had only a slight increase in mean plasma FFA concentrations and the values were significantly lower than those of the IGDM and control groups at all times. In contrast the rise in mean plasma glycerol values was significant and similar in all groups, suggesting a comparable increase in lipolysis. Following birth IDMs showed a more pronounced decrease in mean plasma glucose values than the other groups. Mean plasma values of D-β-hydroxybutyrate showed a significant drop during the first 60 minutes and thereafter the values remained low and were not significantly different between the groups. The pattern of changes in FFA, glycerol and glucose was not influenced by type of delivery, duration of diabetes and/or presence of retinopathy in the mothers, nor was there any apparent relationship to the degree of maternal metabolic control during pregEancy. It is suggested that the low mean FFA levels despite of increasing mean glycerol concentrations in IDMs are explained by an increased rate of re-esterification of FFA withi!i adipose tissue. Thcse findings can only partly be explained by postnatal functional hyper-insulinism. The recent demonstration af higher than normal glycogen concentrations within adipose tissue in IDMs cffers a more plausible explanation for the increased rate of re-esterification during the first hours after birth. The p;esent data do not allow of conclusions as to thc relative importance of increased glycogen stores as compared with that of hyperinsulin-ism during the first 2 hours after birth in IDMs.     

初探糖尿病视网膜病变与糖尿病肾病的相关性

目的:分析糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)与糖尿病肾病(DN)之间的关系。方法:对236例二型糖尿病患者进行荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)和12小时尿白蛋白排泄率(AER)的检查,根据眼底改变将病人分为三组,计算各组患者并发糖尿病肾病的比例,并做尿白蛋白排泄率与DR眼底改变的相关性分析。结果:DR临床前期组的病人中有5%并发DN,DR非增殖期组的病人中有42%并发DN,DR增殖期组的病人中有71%并发DN;AER与DR的眼底改变呈显著的正相关性。结论:糖尿病视网膜病变和糖尿病肾病临床表现密切相关,呈平行发展关系。     

Effects of training on plasma FFA during exercise in women

Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of training on plasma FFA concentrations in women during 60 min of work. All subjects (n=10) exercised at 55% of their initial VO_{2 max} for 60 min on a bicycle ergometer. Five subjects then participated in a training program, consisting of bicycling five days per week for four weeks while five control subjects remained inactive. Following the training or control period, all 10 subjects repeated the initial 1-h test at the same absolute work load. The training program resulted in a 14% increase in VO_{2 max} and a decreased resting HR (p<0.05). The submaximal exercise HR and R were also lower following training (p<0.05). Plasma FFA were significantly lower (p<0.05) during exercise in the experimental group following training. The average increase in plasma FFA during the 60 min bicycle test was 0.22 mol/l, from 0.48 mol/l at rest to 0.70 mol/l after 60 min of exercise prior to training. After training the same absolute work load resulted in an increased plasma FFA of only 0.10 mol/l from 0.29 to 0.39 mol/l. No significant changes due to training were observed for glycerol or lactate. The results suggest that the metabolic response of women is similar to men during exercise before and after training. Possible mechanisms for the decreased plasma FFA response after training are discussed.