Role of Exosomal miR‐223 in Chronic Skeletal Muscle Inflammation

As skeletal muscle is one of the largest organs in the body, its damage can directly reflect a decline in somatic function, thus, further affecting daily life and health. Inflammation is a prerequisite for the repair of injured skeletal muscles. Chronic inflammation induced by inadequate repair in skeletal muscle aggravates tissue injury. Exosomes regulate inflammatory responses to facilitate the repair of skeletal muscle injury. Moreover, exosomal miR‐223 with high specificity is the most abundant miRNA in peripheral blood and regarded as biomarkers for inflammation post skeletal muscle injury, which warrants further investigation. Available studies have demonstrated that exosomal miR‐223 negatively correlates with TNF‐α levels in serum and regulates the canonical inflammatory NF‐κB signaling pathway. miR‐223 is a negative feedback regulator with great potential for adjusting inflammatory imbalance and promoting skeletal muscle repair. The research on the regulation of negative feedback factors in the inflammatory signaling pathway is essential in biology and medicine. Therefore, this review mainly elaborates the formation, heterogeneity and markers of exosomes and points out exosomal miR‐223 as a beneficial role in chronic skeletal muscle inflammation and can be expected to be a potential therapeutic target for skeletal muscle damage.     

脂肪干细胞源性外泌体对瘢痕成纤维细胞生物学活性的影响

目的 观察脂肪干细胞源性外泌体（ADSC-Exos）对瘢痕成纤维细胞生物学活性的调控作用。方法 将瘢痕成纤维细胞分为对照组、ADSC-Exos组。采用CCK-8法检测不同组别中瘢痕成纤维细胞的增殖情况;采用蛋白免疫印迹法检测纤维化指标的表达量;采用实时荧光定量-PCR检测纤维化相关基因mRNA的表达水平。结果 与对照组相比,在ADSC-Exos作用下,瘢痕成纤维细胞的增殖能力减弱,纤维化相关指标水平降低（P均<0.05）。瘢痕成纤维细胞在ADSC-Exos的作用下,Ⅰ、Ⅲ胶原及α-平滑肌肌动蛋白的mRNA表达下调（P均<0.05）。结论 ADSCExos能抑制瘢痕成纤维细胞的生物学活性。     

人尿源干细胞外泌体对退变髓核细胞生物学功能的影响

目的:探讨人尿源干细胞外泌体(USC-Exos)对退变髓核细胞(NPCs)生物学功能的影响。方法 :从健康成人尿液中获得人尿源干细胞(USCs)并进行体外培养,通过成骨、成软骨、成脂诱导分化及蛋白质免疫印迹(Western Blot,WB)技术对所提取细胞进行鉴定。使用USCs完全培养基培养USCs 48h后采用差速离心法从培养基中提取外泌体,应用电子显微镜、粒径分析及WB技术对USC-Exos进行形态、直径及表面标志物检测。从腰椎间盘突出症患者术中摘除的髓核中提取NPCs,并培养至P6。以加入50μg/ml USC-Exos干预的P6NPCs为实验组,以50μg/ml未培养过细胞的USCs完全培养基离心沉淀物干预的P6 NPCs为对照组,分别在干预后1～6d使用CCK-8法检测NPCs增殖情况。使用PKH26荧光染料标记USC-Exos,并用标记后的USCExos干预P6 NPCs,12h后在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察NPCs对USC-Exos的摄取情况。两组在干预后48h进行β-半乳糖苷酶衰老染色检测NPCs衰老比例,免疫荧光染色观察蛋白聚糖(ACAN)、Ⅱ型胶原(COL2)的表达。干预后3d、5d、7d时用RT-PCR和WB检测两组NPCs中ACAN、COL2、基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子1(TIMP1)、多肿瘤抑制基因P16(P16)的mRNA及对应蛋白的表达量,对两组ACAN、COL2、TIMP1、P16基因的相对表达量进行比较,P0.05为有统计学差异。结果:从人尿中提取的细胞具有干细胞特性,传代培养后可从中提取粒径为50～100nm的椭圆形囊泡结构,其表达CD63和Tsg101,不表达Calnexin蛋白,符合Exos特性。P6 NPCs经USC-Exos干预后细胞增殖速度变快。经PKH26标记的USC-Exos可被NPCs摄取。干预后48h实验组衰老细胞比例[(13.8±1.4)%]低于对照组[(19.6±2.4)%],ACAN、COL2的荧光强度高于对照组。干预后3d、5d、7d时,实验组细胞中ACAN、COL2、TIMP1 mRNA及对应蛋白的相对表达量较对照组显著性升高(P0.05),P16基因mRNA及对应蛋白的相对表达量较对照组显著性降低(P0.05),而同组内不同时间点比较无显著性差异。结论:USC-Exos在体外条件下可促进退变NPCs的增殖,提高退变NPCs中ACAN、COL2、TIMP1 mRNA及对应蛋白的表达,降低P16 mRNA及对应蛋白的表达。     

Conceptus implantation and placentation: molecules related to epithelial–mesenchymal transition,lymphocyte homing,endogenous retroviruses,and exosomes

Processes of conceptus implantation and placentation, unique to mammalian reproduction, have been extensively studied. It was once thought that processes of these events varied greatly, notably between invasive and noninvasive modes of implantation and/or placentation. Regardless of the mode of implantation, however, physiological and biochemical processes in conceptus implantation to the maternal endometrium including the kinds of gene expression and their products are now considered not to differ so much. Recent progress has identified that in addition to the hormones, cytokines, proteases and cell adhesion molecules classically characterized, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, molecules related to lymphocyte homing, the expression of endogenous retroviruses and possibly exosomes are all required for the progression of conceptus implantation to placentation. In this review, therefore, new findings related to these events are integrated into the context of conceptus implantation to the maternal endometrium.     

Exosome与肿瘤耐药的研究进展

Exosome是直径40～100 nm的微囊泡,内含蛋白质、mRNA、microRNA等生物活性物质.机体内几乎所有细胞都可分泌exosome.Exosome不仅是细胞-细胞间物质信息交流的通讯工具,还参与免疫调节、炎症反应、肿瘤发生和耐药等生理病理过程.该文就exosome与肿瘤耐药之间的关系作一综述.     

外泌体在恶性肿瘤放疗中的研究进展

外泌体是细胞分泌的直径在30~120 nm的具有生物学活性的盘状囊泡,参与恶性肿瘤的侵袭、转移及多药耐药等诸多方面。在放射治疗领域,目前已证实放射线所引起的肿瘤细胞外泌体分泌的变化,可影响细胞间的通讯作用,同时增加肿瘤细胞的放射线抗性。本文就外泌体在恶性肿瘤放疗中的研究进展作一综述。     

小鼠CD4~+T细胞外泌体分离及鉴定

目的探讨CD4~+T细胞是否具有分泌外泌体的能力,以及CD4~+T细胞外泌体参与炎症及肿瘤免疫过程的可能。方法应用断颈处死的方法取出小鼠的脾脏,用磁珠分选的方法从小鼠脾脏细胞中分选出CD4~+T细胞,并尝试从培养基上清液中提取CD4~+T细胞的外泌体,在透射电镜下观察,后用PCR技术分析miR-23a、miR-214的表达情况。结果在透射电镜下能够观察到提取出的CD4~+T细胞外泌体,且用PCR技术能检测到小鼠CD4~+T细胞外泌体中miR-23a、miR-214这两个炎症及肿瘤相关的miRNA的表达。结论小鼠CD4~+T细胞有分泌外泌体的能力,且为CD4~+T细胞外泌体参与炎症及肿瘤相关过程提供了可能。     

CpG寡核苷酸联合Texo对小鼠结肠癌的治疗作用

目的肿瘤细胞分泌的外泌体(tumor-derived exosomes,Texo)是目前肿瘤免疫治疗领域的一个热点。文中主要观察小鼠结肠癌细胞CT-26分泌的Texo联合包含有未甲基化的CpG二核苷酸的寡聚脱氧核苷酸(CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides,CpG ODN)对小鼠结肠癌细胞CT-26移植瘤的治疗作用。方法使用差速离心法分离和提取CT-26细胞分泌的Texo,紫外分光光度计进行蛋白定量,透射电镜观察Texo的形态。用Texo、CpG ODN1826、CpG ODN1826+Texo(联合组)和等渗盐水(对照组)免疫BALB/c小鼠,四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法测定T细胞对CT-26细胞的体外杀伤活性。建立CT-26小鼠结肠癌皮下移植瘤模型,1周后皮下注射Texo、CpG ODN1826、CpG ODN1826+Texo以及等渗盐水,观察它们对皮下移植瘤生长的抑制作用。结果CT-26细胞分泌的Texo为直径30～100 nm的膜囊泡。CpG ODN1826+Texo联合免疫小鼠的T细胞体外对CT-26细胞的杀伤作用与单药组和对照组相比均明显增强(P<0.05)。动物实验表明,Texo和C...