靶控输注等效剂量的丙泊酚或依托咪酯对患者血液动力学的影响

目的通过观察靶控输注等效剂量的丙泊酚或依托咪酯对患者血液动力学的影响,了解各药物的临床效应,为临床麻醉合理用药提供依据。方法择期全麻下行外科手术患者60例,ASAⅠ^Ⅱ级,年龄(20Ⅱ级,年龄(20⁶0)岁,分为丙泊酚组(P组,n=30),依托咪酯组(E组,n=30)。麻醉诱导前分别靶控输注两种药物,两组患者药物浓度为靶控输注等效剂量下的血药浓度。P组丙泊酚血浆靶浓度为2μg/m L,E组依托咪酯血浆靶浓度为0.3μg/m L。记录诱导前两组基础值(T0),输注后1 min(T1)、3 min(T2)、7 min(T3)、10 min(T4)时的HR、MAP、CO、SV、SVR。结果与T0比较,P组患者在靶控输注后HR、MAP明显降低(P<0.05),E组患者在靶控输注后HR、MAP有所降低,但差异无统计学意义;P组较E组在T3、T4时HR、MAP降低明显(P<0.05);在T3、T4时,P组CO、SV、SVR与E组相比差异有统计学意义,且P组CO、SV、SVR总体趋势明显低于E组(P<0.05)。结论靶控输注依托咪酯用于全麻诱导对血液动力学的影响较丙泊酚轻微,麻醉诱导使用依托咪酯能够起到稳定心血管系统功能和降低麻醉危险性的效果。     

依托咪酯和咪唑安定对离体兔肺动脉的作用

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Endotracheal intubation sedation in the intensive care unit

Endotracheal intubation is one of the most common, yet most dangerous procedure performed in the intensive care unit (ICU). Complications of ICU intubations include severe hypotension, hypoxemia, and cardiac arrest. Multiple observational studies have evaluated risk factors associated with these complications. Among the risk factors identified, the choice of sedative agents administered, a modifiable risk factor, has been reported to affect these complications (hypotension). Propofol, etomidate, and ketamine or in combination with benzodiazepines and opioids are commonly used sedative agents administered for endotracheal intubation. Propofol demonstrates rapid onset and offset, however, has drawbacks of profound vasodilation and associated cardiac depression. Etomidate is commonly used in the critically ill population. However, it is known to cause reversible inhibition of 11 β-hydroxylase which suppresses the adrenal production of cortisol for at least 24 h. This added organ impairment with the use of etomidate has been a potential contributing factor for the associated increased morbidity and mortality observed with its use. Ketamine is known to provide analgesia with sedation and has minimal respiratory and cardiovascular effects. However, its use can lead to tachycardia and hypertension which may be deleterious in a patient with heart disease or cause unpleasant hallucinations. Moreover, unlike propofol or etomidate, ketamine requires organ dependent elimination by the liver and kidney which may be problematic in the critically ill. Lately, a combination of ketamine and propofol, “Ketofol”, has been increasingly used as it provides a balancing effect on hemodynamics without any of the side effects known to be associated with the parent drugs. Furthermore, the doses of both drugs are reduced. In situations where a difficult airway is anticipated, awake intubation with the help of a fiberoptic scope or video laryngoscope is considered. Dexmedetomidine is a commonly used sedative agent for these procedures.     

依托咪酯喉罩全麻在颅内动脉瘤介入手术中的应用

【摘要】 目的 探讨依托咪酯喉罩全麻在颅内动脉瘤介入手术中的可行性与安全性。方法 行颅内动脉瘤介入手术并ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级患者62例,随机分丙泊酚气管插管组(PE组)31例和依托咪酯喉罩组(EL组)31例。记录麻醉前(T0)、麻醉诱导(T1)、插喉罩或气管导管时(T2)、拔喉罩或气管导管时(T3)4个时点的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR),血氧饱和度(SpO2)、呼气末二氧化碳[p(CO2)]的变化,并观察停药后呼唤睁眼时间、拔管(罩)时间、定向力恢复时间以及术后24h烦躁及恶心、呕吐的发生情况。结果 2组患者的SBP、DBP、HR在T0比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);T1时点PE组上述指标低于EL组,T2、T3时点PE组高于EL组(P<0.01)。术中2组SPO2、呼末p(CO2)差异无统计学意义(P>0.01)。停药后EL组呼唤睁眼时间、拔管(罩)时间、定向力恢复时间均短于PE组(P<0.01)。结论 依托咪酯喉罩全麻用于颅内动脉瘤介入手术具有血流动力学稳定、苏醒快等优点,是一种安全可靠的麻醉方式。      

等辐射分析法研究全身麻醉诱导丙泊酚、依托咪酯催眠相互作用

目的以等辐射分析法研究全身麻醉诱导时丙泊酚、依托咪酯催眠效应相互作用。方法75例择期上腹部手术病人随机分成三组:丙泊酚(P)组、依托咪酯(E)组、丙泊酚复合依托咪酯(C)组,每组25例。再各分成5个亚组(P1~P5,E1~E5,C1~C5)。麻醉诱导前各亚组给予不同剂量的丙泊酚及依托咪酯。监测给药前、给药后1、2、3、5min的SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2等指标。病人对口令失去反应即进入催眠状态。给药2min后,开始评估。以等辐射分析法分析两者之间催眠相互作用。结果在催眠末点:P组ED50值为1.15mg/kg(95%可信限0.95~1.40);E组ED50值为0.11mg/kg(95%可信限0.09~0.13);C组ED50值分别为0.38/0.05mg/kg(95%可信限0.33/0.05~0.44/0.06)。在催眠末点,C组ED50偏离相加线有显著性差异(P<0.05)。C组的SBP、DBP在给药前后无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论点斜法测定依托咪酯ED50值为0.11mg/kg;经等辐射分析法分析后判定丙泊酚、依托咪酯(剂量比7/1)在催眠效应上呈现协同作用,复合用药血液动力学稳定。     

依托咪酯在免疫性肝损伤中的药代动力学研究

目的研究依托咪酯在免疫性肝损伤过程中的代谢特征。方法雄性SD大鼠40只,体重230~270g,随机分为两组:空白对照组(C组)、免疫性肝损伤组(IM组),每组20只。IM组尾静脉注射卡介苗(BCG,125mg/kg)14d制备免疫性肝损伤大鼠模型,C组尾静脉注射等体积生理盐水。采用双光束紫外分光光度法测定肝匀浆中细胞色素P450(CYP450)总含量,肝脏组织HE染色和血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)水平测定观测大鼠肝损伤情况。紫外光谱法检测血清中依托咪酯的血药浓度经时变化,3P97药代动力学软件对给依托咪酯后0、3、5、8、12、17、30、45、60、90和120 min血药浓度进行房室模拟,计算A、α、B、β、V(c)、T1/2α、T1/2β、K21、K10、K12、AUC、CL(S)药代动力学参数。结果 IM组肝脏/体重、脾脏/体重明显大于C组(P0.05或P0.01),血清AST、ALT明显高于C组(P0.01)。尾静脉注射BCG 14d后,IM组肝脏CYP 450全酶含量为(0.72±0.16)μmol/g,明显低于C组的(1.68±0.35)μmol/g(P0.01)。注药后12、17、30、45、60min,IM组依托咪酯血药浓度明显高于C组(P0.05或P0.01)。IM组α、B、CL(s)明显低于C组,A、T1/2α、AUC明显高于C组(P0.05或P0.01)。结论免疫损伤刺激致大鼠产生免疫性肝损伤,明显下调CYP450酶系,依托咪酯代谢减慢。     

Pretreatment with low dose etomidate prevents etomidate-induced rat adrenal insufficiency by regulating oxidative stress-related MAPKs and apoptosis

Etomidate is frequently used as an anesthetic and sedation agent in the clinic setting. This study determined that a low-dose pre-infusion followed by a continuous dose infusion of etomidate could reduce etomidate-induced adrenal gland insufficiency. Sixty adult male Wistar rats were used, with six rats per group. Based on preliminary experiments, 0.6 mg/kg etomidate was selected as the low dose for this study. Oxidative stress and apoptosis-related proteins in the adrenal glands were assayed using Western blot, and serum levels of CORT and 11β-hydroxylase were detected using ELISA. Pretreatment with a single bolus of low dose etomidate significantly increased the levels of CORT and 11β-hydroxylase as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathioneperoxidase (GPx) in the adrenal glands, but reduced nitric oxide (NO) production when compared to the positive group. Furthermore, Western blot data showed that pretreatment with low dose etomidate increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), CREB and bcl-2 activation, but suppressed the p-p38, c-JunN-terminal kinase (JNK), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cleaved-caspase3, cleaved-poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), bax, and AKT activation. The ERK inhibitor PD98059 and the p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 abolished the protective effect of low dose etomidate pretreatment. These data demonstrated that pretreatment with low dose etomidate attenuated etomidate-induced adrenal insufficiency to rat adrenal glands. Oxidative stress-related MAPKs and apoptosis proteins might be responsible for mediating the etomidate preconditioning effect in rats.     

依托咪酯在危重症等特殊人群的安全性

背景 肾上腺皮质功能和患者的生存率密切相关,单剂量静脉注射依托咪酯引起可逆性的肾上腺皮质功能不全,因此,依托咪酯的安全性越来越受到重视.目的 评价依托咪酯在临床应用中对肾上腺皮质功能的作用.内容 肾上腺皮质功能不全相关的概念和诊断方法,以及使用依托咪酯后引起的皮质醇分泌减少在儿童和成年人,危重症和择期手术患者中产生的影响.趋势 依托咪酯是否增加了危重症患者的死亡率存有争议.在择期手术的患者中,依托咪酯的安全性还需要得到多中心、前瞻性研究的论证.     

依托咪酯在心脏电复律中的应用效果观察

目的观察依托咪酯在心脏电复律中的麻醉效果。方法将68例心律失常患者随机分为观察组和对照组各34例。观察组应用依托咪酯进行术前麻醉,对照组应用地西泮进行术前麻醉。比较2组麻醉起效时间、苏醒时间和定向力恢复时间及术后4h内不良反应情况。结果观察组麻醉起效时间、术后苏醒时间及定向力恢复时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,术后4h内观察组不良反应发生率为29．4％低于对照组的73．5％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论依托咪酯在心脏电复律中麻醉效果确切,安全性好,值得临床推广应用。     

不同全身麻醉药物在高龄手术患者麻醉诱导中的应用对比

目的 对比分析丙泊酚、咪达唑仑、依托咪酯3种全身麻醉药物在高龄手术患者麻醉诱导中的应用.方法 选取2010年7月-2013年6月实施的150例手术并进行全身麻醉诱导的高龄患者为研究对象,随机分为丙泊酚组(B组)、咪达唑仑组(M组)和依托咪酯组(Y组)3组,分别给予丙泊酚、咪达唑仑和依托咪酯全麻诱导.分别监测和记录3组患者意识消失时间、睫毛反射消失时间及眼球固定时间来判断麻醉诱导显效时间,并于麻醉诱导前(T0、基础值)、诱导后插管前1 min(T1)、插管后1 min(T2)、插管后5 min(T3)、插管后10 min(T4)等5个时间点监测并记录3组患者的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)以评定患者循环动力学情况.结果 B组患者的意识消失时间、睫毛反射消失时间和眼球固定时间分别较M组、Y组患者显著缩短,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),M组、Y组2组间比较无明显差异(P＞0.05).B组患者T1时HR、MAP较T0明显减慢和降低,T2时HR、MAP均较T0、T1时明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);M组患者T2时HR、MAP均较T1时明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);Y组患者监测过程中HR、MAP无明显变化(P＞0.05).在T0、T3、T4时3组患者HR、MAP组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);T1时HR、MAP组间比较,M组、Y组分别与B组相比明显减慢,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),M组与Y组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);T2时HR、MAP组间比较,M组、Y组分别与B组相比明显减慢或降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),M组与Y组相比明显减慢或降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 丙泊酚、咪达唑仑、依托咪酯3种全麻诱导药物用于高龄患者全麻诱导均安全有效,其中丙泊酚显效最快,对心功能影响最大,依托咪酯和咪达唑仑显效时间接近,依托咪酯对心功能影响最小.