Temporal changes in extra-axial brain hematoma's signal intensity in magnetic resonance images of trauma patients: A preliminary,technical study

IntroductionDating the exact or estimated time of trauma is an important issue facing forensic medicine. Several clinical and radiological methods were used to achieve this purpose. In the recent study, we aimed to track the changes in the signal intensity of the extra-axial brain hematoma using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) conventional sequences as well as diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC).Materials and methodsConsidering inclusion and exclusion criteria, all patients with blunt head trauma were involved. After proper management., stabilization, and resuscitation, the participants were assessed using conventional sequences of MRI and DWI twenty-four hours, forty-eight hours, and three weeks after the injury. Temporal changes of signal intensity were compared by Wilcoxon ranged test.ResultsSixteen patients sustaining blunt head trauma were included in this study. The study showed that during the time, diffusion restriction could be seen in an extraaxial hematoma. At the first 24 hours, the signal of hematoma was void in 87.5% of DWI and 100% of ADC. On the second day, they were hypo-signal in 75% of DWI and 100% 0f ADCs, and after three weeks, 100% of cases were hyper-signal in DWI and hypo-signal ADCs.ConclusionThis preliminary study has shown that the DWI can be used to detect and track the extra-axial hematoma. The signal intensity was void during the first twentyfour hours, although it became hypo-signal after 48 hours. Of note, the diffusion restriction is noted after three weeks.     

硬膜外间隙辅助定位方法的研究进展

背景 硬膜外阻滞作为临床常用麻醉技术,是麻醉与镇痛的重要组成部分,而硬膜外穿刺置管仍普遍采用盲探性操作方法,麻醉效果及并发症仅靠注药后显示及主观经验评判,限制了硬膜外穿刺技术的应用与发展.目的 寻求建立可视微创、安全有效、先进可控的硬膜外阻滞新方法.内容 综述硬膜外间隙辅助定位方法.趋向 近年来,虽然辅助硬膜外隙穿刺置管定位的设备与技术不断更新,但大多因设备复杂或费用昂贵等原因临床实用性不强,简单、易行、客观的硬膜外腔监测技术是麻醉同道共同寻求的目标.     

超声引导下的神经阻滞临床应用研究进展

背景 神经阻滞一般根据周围神经体表标志或针刺异感来定位和穿刺.由于解剖变异或肥胖等原因,常致阻滞不全、效果欠佳,有的需要加大辅助用药量,甚至需改为全麻.目的 探讨超声引导下行神经阻滞的效果,并与传统定位的阻滞方法进行比较.内容 综述近几年来超声引导下行臂丛神经阻滞、腹横肌平面(transversus abdominis plane,TAP)阻滞、小儿区域神经阻滞等的进展.趋向 超声引导下行神经阻滞是一种无创和可视的方法,能明显提高阻滞成功率,减少并发症,提高麻醉效果和麻醉安全性.     

星状神经节阻滞对术后认知功能障碍的影响

背景术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)的发生率已日趋升高.近年来,针对POCD已展开了许多研究,发现星状神经节阻滞(stellate ganglion block,SGB)对POCD有重要作用.目的综述SGB对POCD的影响,旨在为临床上研究POCD的防治提供可能的理论依据.内容SGB是临床较常用的一种阻滞技术,其治疗范围越来越广泛,治疗效果也越来越确切,不仅应用于疼痛性疾病的治疗,也日益广泛地用于神经性、内分泌性及免疫障碍性等非疼痛疾病的治疗,并取得相当显著的疗效,研究发现它对POCD有重要作用. 趋向尽管至今POCD的病因和发病机制仍不清楚,但SGB在防治老年患者POCD方面有较大的研究空间.     

The effect of gabapentin premedication on pain and anxiety during cataract surgery under peribulbar block

BackgroundThe principal goal of sedation during eye surgery is to keep the patient calm and comfortable without depression of the protective airway reflexes or affecting the hemodynamics. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of oral gabapentin premedication on anxiety and pain during cataract surgery done under peribulbar block.Material and methodsIn this double blinded placebo controlled study, 60 patients scheduled for cataract surgery under peribulbar block were randomly allocated into two groups. In the gabapentin group (n = 30), patients were premedicated 2 h before peribulbar block by 1200 mg oral gabapentin capsules. In the placebo group (n = 30), patients were premedicated 2 h before peribulbar block by oral placebo capsules. Verbal pain score (VPS), sedation score, verbal anxiety score (VAS), respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, heart rate, blood pressure and side effects were recorded.ResultsVPS was low in the gabapentin group versus the placebo group after the block till discharge (P < 0.01). VAS for anxiety was low in the gabapentin group versus the placebo group 1 h after premedication till discharge (P < 0.01). The heart rate and blood pressure were high in the placebo group versus the gabapentin group from arrival to the operating room till discharge. No side effects were recorded.ConclusionPremedication with 1200 mg oral gabapentin reduces anxiety and pain during cataract surgery done under peribulbar block without producing side effects.     

Does regional anaesthesia improve outcome after surgery?

There is conclusive evidence that regional anaesthesia provides better postoperative analgesia than systemic opioid techniques. Regional anaesthesia also has the potential to improve the functional outcome from surgery, although proving this in a clinically relevant way is challenging; many studies are inconclusive with methodological weaknesses making comparison difficult and offering conflicting evidence. Systematic reviews offer better evidence that regional anaesthesia improves outcome but both anaesthetic and surgical practice have evolved over time, so older data may not be relevant to current practice. Regional anaesthesia improves outcome only when incorporated into a structured postoperative rehabilitation and recovery programme (Enhanced Recovery), using the effective analgesia provided to achieve specific targets. These targets include early mobilization, active physiotherapy and early return to enteral nutrition. Other benefits of regional anaesthesia (reduced blood loss, lower risk of thromboembolic events and duration of ileus) also contribute to a reduction in postoperative morbidity. However, unless the postoperative recovery programme is modified to incorporate these benefits into a patient's recovery, the full impact of regional anaesthesia on surgical outcome will not be realized.     

右美托咪定在神经阻滞和椎管内麻醉的应用进展

背景：右美托咪定为高效、高选择性的a2-肾上腺素能激动剂,具有镇静、镇痛、抗焦虑、催眠等作用。作为麻醉辅助药已广泛的应用于临床。目的：就右美托咪定在神经阻滞和椎管内麻醉的应用进展作简人介绍。内容：探讨右美托咪定在神经阻滞和椎管内麻醉中应用的效果及相关作用机制。趋向：右美托咪定应用于神经阻滞和椎管内麻醉中,有良好的镇静作用,对呼吸系统影响小,对术中遗忘有增强作用。具有较广泛的应用前景,而在其给药方式,剂量及作用机制方面还需进一步研究。     

针刺联合股神经阻滞对膝关节置换术后患者效果观察及对患者膝关节功能影响

目的：探讨针刺联合股神经阻滞对膝关节置换术后患者效果观察及对患者膝关节功能影响。方法：选择我院于2016年1月至2018年1月收治的行膝关节置换术患者105例,按照随机数字表法随机分为观察组54例与对照组51例。观察组采用针刺联合股神经阻滞治疗,对照组仅采用股神经阻滞治疗。比较两组疗效,治疗前后VAS评分、HSS评分和关节活动度。结果：观察组优良率（87.04%）高于对照组（64.71%）（P<0.05）。两组治疗后VAS评分降低（观察组：t=29.308,对照组：t=9.885,P<0.05）;观察组治疗后VAS评分低于对照组（t=15.334,P<0.05）。两组治疗后HSS评分增加（观察组：t=26.566,对照组：t=13.591,P<0.05）;观察组治疗后HSS评分高于对照组（t=7.710,P<0.05）。两组治疗后关节活动度增加（观察组：t=16.517,对照组：t=7.718,P<0.05）;观察组治疗后关节活动度高于对照组（t=10.805,P<0.05）。结论：针刺联合股神经阻滞对膝关节置换术后患者效果显著,镇痛效果显著,且可明显改善患者膝关节功能,值得临床借鉴。     

腰方肌阻滞与髂筋膜阻滞对老年人全髋关节置换术后镇痛效果的比较研究*

目的 比较超声引导下腰方肌阻滞与髂筋膜阻滞在老年人全髋关节置换术后镇痛效果。方法 选择单次蛛网膜下腔麻醉下行单侧全髋关节置换术的老年患者60例为研究对象。ASA分级Ⅱ、Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法将患者分成两组：A组术毕使用0.25%罗哌卡因30?ml行超声引导下后方穿刺入路腰方肌阻滞（QL3）,B组术毕使用行0.25%罗哌卡因30?ml行超声引导下髂筋膜阻滞;每组30例。术后均留置静脉自控镇痛泵。记录患者一般情况,分别记录A组与B组操作完成时间,术后6?h（T1）、8?h（T2）、12?h（T3）、24?h（T4）患者的静息状态及被动运动VAS评分;舒芬太尼使用累计量;麻醉相关并发症;术后24?h患者麻醉满意度评价。结果 两组患者术后不同时间点的静息及被动运动VAS评分比较,差异有统计学意义（P?<0.05）。A组术后T1、T2、T3、T4静息及被动运动VAS评分均低于B组（P?<0.05）。A组静脉自控镇痛泵舒芬太尼使用量少于B组（P?<0.05）。A组恶心呕吐发生率低于B组（P?<0.05）。A组总体满意度高于B组。结论 超声引导下腰方肌阻滞在老年人全髋关节置换术术后镇痛效果好,安全可行,能减少术后静脉镇痛药物的使用量,提高患者的总体满意度。     

经产妇硬膜外自控分娩镇痛的临床观察

目的探讨硬膜外自控镇痛(patient-controlled epidural anesthesia,PCEA)用于经产妇分娩镇痛对产程、产痛和新生儿的影响。方法选取自愿接受分娩镇痛的经产妇60例作为观察组,采用0.1%罗哌卡因+0.5μg/m L舒芬太尼自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA);选取同期入院未加任何镇痛干预的自然分娩经产妇60例作为对照组。比较两组产妇产程时间、新生儿脐动脉血血气分析、新生儿Apgar评分、产妇疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)。结果两组产程时间比较差异无统计学意义;两组新生儿脐动脉血血气分析指标测定值均在正常值范围,两组比较差异无统计学意义;新生儿出生后1、5 min Apgar评分均为10分,两组比较差异无统计学意义。观察组镇痛前、后VAS差异有显著统计学意义﹙P0.01﹚;观察组第一产程、第二产程VAS与对照组比较差异有统计学意义﹙P0.01﹚。结论罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼可以安全有效地用于经产妇分娩镇痛,对产程时间、新生儿脐动脉血气分析、新生儿Apgar评分无明显影响。