广东省SARS家庭聚集性病例流行病学分析

目的　了解广东省传染性非典型肺炎 (SARS)家庭聚集性病例的流行病学特征 ,探讨家庭因素在本病传播方面的作用。方法　采用统一个案调查表 ,用描述性流行病学方法对广东省SARS家庭聚集性病例进行分析。结果　截至 5月 1 5日止 ,在广东省 1 5 1 2例SARS病例中 ,6 0户家庭出现聚集性病例 ,共 1 91例 ,占全省病例总数的1 2 6 %。家庭聚集性病例的病死率为 9 9% ,高于全省平均病死率 (3 7% ) (P <0 0 1 )。家庭聚集性病例主要发生在2 0 0 3年 1月至 3月 ,占家庭聚集性病例总数的 90 6 % (1 73/ 1 91 )。病例以 30～ 4 9岁青壮年为主 ,占 5 2 9% (1 0 1 / 1 91 ) ;职业以干部职员为主 ,占 1 3 6 % (2 6 / 1 91 ) ,其次为饮食、服务人员 ,占 1 2 6 % (2 4 / 1 91 )。 4 1 7%家庭的首发病例在发病前两周有明确或可疑接触史。在 1 2 9例家庭聚集二代感染病例中可能因陪护或探病感染发病的有 4 2户 ,共 92例 ,占71 3%。首发病例与二代病例发病时间间隔中位数为 7d。结论　家庭聚集性病例的病死率较高 ,家庭聚集性病例有较大比例可能在医院内感染 ,但家庭密切接触也是造成疫情传播的原因之一 ,控制医院内感染和及早对病例进行家庭隔离可以减少聚集性病例的出现     

心血管病流行病学研究必需的基础和专业知识

本文从心血管病流行病学研究工作的实际体会中提出:当前要提高科研工作水平的关键是提高研究防治队伍的科学素质.其中包括:应具备流行病学和生物统计学的基本知识,必要的心血管病临床知识和实践经验,关心常见心血管病的基础研究进展,和学习有关专业的知识,如营养学、行为医学、遗传学等.解决的办法除集中培训,个人努力学习外,更需组织有不同专业基础而有志于心血管病流行病学研究工作的人员密切合作,相互学习,取长补短,以达到共同提高.     

实验动物大白鼠型流行性出血热流行病学和临床症状调查

本文对59名接触实验动物大白鼠引起23例流行性出血热(EHF)的流行病学和临床症状进行了调查,发病率为38.98%。发病的有副教授、讲师、助教、研究生等。发病多在春季,年龄组在21～40岁,男多于女。经间接免疫荧光技术检查,大白鼠肺EHFV抗原阳性率为32.69%。临床分型以中型为多,其次为重型和轻型。临床症状以发热、头痛、腰痛、全身痛、食欲不振、酒醉貌为主,没有死亡病例。血清间接免疫荧光抗体IgG在1:320～1:5 120之间的占91.30%。     

The epidemiology of urinary dysfunction in Chinese women

The epidemiology of urinary dysfunction in a Chinese population living in Hong Kong was investigated. Fifteen hundred ethnic Chinese women answered a telephone questionnaire including symptoms of urinary dysfunction, anthropometric measurements, obstetric history and place of birth. The relative predictive value of these factors was analyzed using logistic regression. The prevalence of urinary dysfunction was 13%. Ten percent reported stress incontinence, and 4% had urgency or urge incontinence. The strongest predictor was place of birth, with women born in mainland China having the highest prevalence of pure stress incontinence (OR 1.33, CI 1.1–1.6). For the symptoms of detrusor instability age was the strongest predictor, with women over 50 years being at greater risk (OR 2.8, CI 1.6–5.0). Contrary to earlier beliefs, urinary dysfunction in Chinese women is as common as in Caucasian women. Place of birth is the strongest predictor for pure stress incontinence, with women born in mainland China being at greater risk. This suggests that environmental factors in early life have a differential effect on the development of urinary incontinence. EDITORIAL COMMENT: Taiwan Chinese women have a comparable prevalence of urinary dysfunction with Hong Kong Chinese women. A survey representing a multistage sample of 82 678 women aged 18 years or older was conducted in the Taipei area from January to June 1993. A total of 818 cases were interviewed by trained students. One hundred and eighty-nine (23.1%) of the respondents reported having had some degree of incontinence in the preceding 12 months, 28 (3.4%) reporting regular incontinence. Most presented with stress urinary incontinence, whereas urge incontinence and mixed incontinence were more commonly seen in the elderly group (aged 60 years or older). The risk factors for urinary incontinence included age, number of vaginal deliveries (>3), number of abortions (>2) and maternal history of incontinence. Voiding symptoms (irritative or obstructive) and constipation were significantly more prevalent among respondents with incontinence than those without (P<0.001). This evidence also indicates that the long-held belief that Chinese women have a much lower prevalence of urinary dysfunction than western women has all but ended.     

Prevalence and correlates of arthritis‐attributable work limitation in the US population among persons ages 18–64: 2002 National Health Interview Survey Data

Objective

To estimate the national prevalence of arthritis‐attributable work limitation (AAWL) among persons ages 18–64 with doctor‐diagnosed arthritis and examine correlates of AAWL.

Methods

Using the 2002 National Health Interview Survey, we estimated the prevalence of AAWL (limited in whether individuals work, the type of work they do, or the amount of work they do) and correlates of AAWL in univariable and multivariable‐adjusted logistic regression analyses. Survey data were analyzed in SAS and SUDAAN to account for the complex sample design.

Results

A total of 5.3% of all US adults ages 18–64 reported AAWL; in this age group, AAWL is reported by ～30% of those who report arthritis. The prevalence of AAWL was highest among people ages 45–64 years (10.2%), women (6.3%), non‐Hispanic blacks (7.7%), people with less than a high school education (8.6%), and those with an annual household income <$20,000 (12.6%). AAWL was substantially increased among people with arthritis‐attributable activity limitations (multivariable‐adjusted odds ratio [OR] 9.1, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 7.1–11.6). The multivariable‐adjusted likelihood of AAWL was moderately higher among non‐Hispanic blacks (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2–2.3), Hispanics (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2–2.6), and people with high levels of functional/social/leisure limitations (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.4–2.3) and was decreased among those with a college education (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4–0.8).

Conclusion

AAWL is highly prevalent, affecting millions of Americans and one‐third of adults with doctor‐diagnosed arthritis. Findings suggest the need for more targeted research to better understand the natural history, success of interventions, and effects of policy on AAWL. Public health interventions, including self‐management education programs, may be effective in countering AAWL.     

Effect of environment on extremely severe road traffic crashes：retrospective epidemic analysis during 2000-2001

Objective: To make an epidemiological analysis of the effect of environment on extremely severe road traffic crashes (RTCs). Methods: Epidemiologic data of extremely severe RTCs associated with environmental factors, including weather, topography, road conditions and other traffic conditions in Mainland China during 2000-2001, were collected and analyzed. Results: ( 1 ) During 2000-2001, there were 3 365 extremely severe RTCs with 13 666 deaths, 12 204 injuries and a direct economical loss of 136 million RMB. ( 2 ) Most extremely severe RTCs occurred in fine weather days and in the daytime. The high occurrence sites were plain areas, horizontal and straight roads, Grade B and C roads, ordinary road segment, and asphalt, smooth and mixed roads. (3) Compared with other RTCs, extremely severe RTCs were more likely to happen under following conditions: on cloudy, snowing, misty and blustering days; in hill and mountainous areas; on crooked and sloping roads; on freeway, Grade A, B, and C roads; mixed roads; ordinary, bridge, narrow and transitional roads; sand and dirt-roads; without traffic control measures; night without lighting. (4) Extremely severe RTCs of mountainous area or crooked and sloping roads were most severe in terms of deaths and injures per crash. Conclusions: Extremely severe RTCs are closely related with environmental factors. Rational road programming, enhancing road establishment and improving road conditions are probably effective measures to reduce the road traffic injuries.     

肺炎克雷伯菌致婴幼儿腹泻发病动态观察

目的观察肺炎克雷伯菌所致婴幼儿腹泻的发病动态与流行趋势，探索有效治疗措施。方法取腹泻患儿新鲜大便，送作细菌培养，从中筛查出肺炎克雷伯菌所致病例，进行整理分析。结果从大便培养阳性的1005例病例中，筛查出肺炎克雷伯菌322例，占32％，居同期病原菌之首。年龄均在3岁以下，其中1岁以内婴儿占71．7％，夏秋季为发病高峰。结论肺炎克雷伯菌是人体肠道正常寄居菌之一，当机体抵抗力低下时，可致婴幼儿腹泻，成为重要的条件致病菌，其发病的流行因素与年龄、免疫力、季节、喂养方式及抗生素的应用等多种因素有关。近几年来，发病人数呈逐年上升趋势，提请临床儿科医生引起关注。     

飞行人员胆囊结石特点（4218名飞行人员临床调查）

为了了解飞行人员胆囊结石发病、诊治情况、临床特点以及对飞行安全影响等，我们于１９９５年５ 月至 １９９７ 年５ 月随机对４２１８ 名飞行人员进行了临床调查。结果：４２１８ 名中发现胆囊结石患者１８９例，患病率为 ４．５％ 。临床特点：男性多（１８５ 例占 ９７．８％ ）；４０ 岁以上者多（１４３ 例占７５．７％ ）；单纯胆囊结石多（１６８ 例占８８．８％ ）；胆囊多发结石多（１４４ 例占 ７６．２％ ）；有症状胆囊结石多（１１０ 例占 ５８．２％ ）；带石飞行多（１０４ 例占５５．０２％ ）；手术治疗少（７０ 例占３７．０３％ ）。临床调查证实：胆囊切除术是治疗飞行人员胆囊结石安全、可靠、有效的方法，术后能够达到飞行合格标准。结论：对空军飞行人员和民航驾驶员的胆囊结石不论有无症状，在恢复飞行之前必须施行航空医学性胆囊切除术以保障飞行安全     

Prevalence of anti-HCV in institutionalised mentally handicapped subjects

Data on the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus among 278 subjects in an institution for the mentally handicapped were analysed by risk factors. A prevalence of 4% was found, higher than blood donors belonging to the same area (1.4%). No differences in prevalence with regard the length of residence, age, sex, degree of retardation or for presence of HBV markers were observed.     

肘部尺神经半脱位的解剖学和流行病学研究

目的：研究肘部尺神经半脱位的发生原因及其临床意义。方法：对１００侧成人尸体肘部的尺神经位置进行解剖观察；在人群中随机调查了８５４位正常人肘部尺神经的位置。结果：肘管深度为７．１±０．１４ｍｍ（χ±ｓχ）。解剖观察发现，６侧肢体的尺神经在屈肘时发生半脱位，肘管深度平均为４．８ｍｍ。８５４位正常人肘部尺神经半脱位发生率为８．９％（７６／８５４）。结论：绝大多数的肘部尺神经半脱位是先天性的。肘部尺神经半脱位不一定是肘部尺神经卡压的发病原因。