酶在医疗器械清洗中的效果观察

目的 探讨酶在提高医疗器械清洗质量中的作用.方法 手工清洗,随机抽取同质污染的医疗器械360件,分成实验组和对照组,每组180件;实验组物品浸泡在朗索多酶1∶200溶液中5 min,对照组物品浸泡在传统清洗剂1∶200溶液中30 min.分别取出两组物品用流动水冲净.结果 朗索多酶清洗剂与传统清洗剂用于医疗器械手工清洗差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.结论 对污染比较严重的器械,酶对手工和机械清洗的效果比较显著.     

Acetylcholinesterase in the human retina

The distribution of cholinesterase activity in the human retina was evaluated using histochemical methods. The butyrylcholine esterase (BuChE) inhibitor tetraisopropylpyrophosphoramide was used to localize acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, the AChE inhibitor BW284c51 was used to localize BuChE activity, and eserine was used to inhibit all cholinesterase activity in control incubations. We have found specific AChE activity in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) andBuChE activity is apparently associated with blood vessels at the light microscopic level. At the electron microscopic level, AChE reaction product is seen both at apparently synaptic and manifestly non-synaptic sites. Reaction product is found adjacent to neural processes in the IPL; these processes have an ultrastructure characteristic of amacrine cells. Although reaction product is seen adjacent to bipolar, ganglion and Müller cells, it is only present where they come into contact with apparent amacrine cell profiles. Using longer incubations, reaction product is found in the perikarya of cells with the morphology and position of amacrine and displaced amacrine cells. There is also some evidence for AChE activity adjacent to lateral processes at a rare type of rod synapse in the outer plexiform layer. The observations reported here strengthen the evidence for cholinergic neurotransmission in the human retina.     

Vitamin a deficiency induced histological and histochemical alterations in the testis of rats

In order to seek some explanatory evidence for the possible endocrine and/or biochemical correlation for vitamin A deficiency induced testicular lesion sin rats, detailed histopathological chanes and histochemical alterations in the localisation of lipids and distribution of steroid dehydrogenases and phosphomonoestrases have been studied in Charles Foster strain of male rats maintained on a vitamin A deficient diet for 5 weeks. Experimental rats depicted significant testicular size reduction and extensive pathological alterations affecting both the shape and size of the seminiferous tubules as well as degenerative changes involving germ cells. Alterations in sertoli cell cytology and hyperamia and oedema were also noted. Histochemically the tubules were marked by increased lipid accumulation and intense 17-ß-HSDH activity with reduced phosphomonoestrase activity. The intensity and activity pattern of phosphomonoestrases were both altered in vitamin A deficient rats. Another noticeable change was the loss of 3-ß-HSDH activity from the tubules. Both histologically and histochemically, the interstitial cells did not show any noticeable alterations. These changes have been taken to indicate the possibility of increased steroid catabolism and reduced androgen retention within the tubules alongwith functional break down of the blood-testis barrier, all of which together could provide the causal explanation for the testicular dysfunction associated with vitamin A deficiency.     

Pharmacokinetics of a low molecular weight heparin, Logiparin, after intravenous and subcutaneous administration to healthy volunteers

In six healthy volunteers we have estimated the pharmacokinetic parameters of the anti factor Xa (AXa) and anti factor IIa (AIIa) activities of a LMW heparin, Logiparin. For the AXa the following parameters were estimated in a 1-compartment model (mean and 95% confidence limits in brackets): elimination half life 82 minutes (60–127 min), absorption half life (s.c.inj.) 200 minutes (137–368 min), bioavailability 90% (24–156 %), and apparent volume of distribution 3.9 1 (3.1–5.2 1). The plasma activity was linearly correlated to the dose given and to the body weight of the volunteer. For the AIIa the parameters estimated in a 1-compartment model were: elimination half life 71 minutes (52–115 min), absorption half life 257 minutes (133–3442 min), bioavailability 67% (44–90 %), and apparent volume of distribution 10.1 1 (7.2–16.7 1). The plasma activity was dependent on dose and body weight but it also seemed to be influenced by individual factors. This study shows that the absorption rate is the rate limiting factor and the explanation for the long lasting effect of this LMW heparin after subcutaneous injection. The slow absorption rate and the high bioavailability are probably the major advantages of LMW heparins compared to conventional heparin.     

Renal cystic disease of infancy: results of histochemical studies

Histochemical techniques utilizingTetragonolobus lotus (proximal tubules),Arachis hypogaea (distal nephron, i.e., distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts), and antibodies against Tamm-Horsfall protein (thick ascending limbs of Henle) were used to determine the site of origin of renal cysts in five children with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) and three patients with glomerulocystic disease (GCD) presenting in the 1st year of life. The findings support a distal nephron origin for the cysts in the children who had ARPKD, whereas the majority of cysts in the children with GCD were confirmed as having a glomerular origin. Tamm-Horsfall protein was identified in the cysts of both ARPKD and GCD; this finding suggests free communication between some of the cysts with the thick ascending limb of Henle. An unexpected finding was the frequent presence of cysts surrounded by muscle fibers. We suggest that these cysts are of collecting duct origin.Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group (SPNSG Central Office, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas, Texas, USA): Director, Ronald J, Hogg: Associate Directors, Fred G, Administrative Assistant, Kaye Green. Participating Centers: Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, Phillip L. Berry, L. Leighton Hill, Sami A. Sanjad, Edith Hawkins; Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, Ronald J. Hogg, Kaye Green; Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Lonisiana, Frank Boineau, John E Lewy, Radhakrishna Baliga, Patrick Walker; University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Arkansas, Watson Arnold, Elleen Ellis, Edward Uthman; University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado, Gary M. Lum, William Hammond; University of Oklahoma Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, James Wenzl, James Matson. Geoffrey Altshuler, Sarah Johnson; University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, F. Bruder Stapleton, Shane Roy, III, Robert J. Wyatt, Charles McKay, William Murphy; University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas, Texas, Billy S. Arant, Jr., Michel Baum, Fred G. Silva, Arthur Weinberg, Craig Argyle, Joseph Rutledge, Ed Eigenbrodt; University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, Susan B. Conley, Jacques Lemire, Ron Portman, Ann Ince, Regina Verani; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, Michael Foulds, Sudesh Makker, Kanwal Kher, Melanie Sweet Victor Saldivar, Fermin Tio; University of Texas Medical Branch. Galveston, Texas, Ben H. Brouhard, Alok Kalia, Luther B Travis, Lisa Hollander, Tito Cavallo, Srinivasan Rajaramau; University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, Eileen Brewer, Richard Siegler, Elizabeth Hammond, Theodore Pysher; Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, Barbara R. Cole.     

Effect of ketones and glucose on the estimation of urinary creatinine: implications for microalbuminuria screening

The influence of acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and glucose on the assay of urinary creatinine by Jaffé-type and enzymatic methods was studied in vitro. Acetoacetate (greater than or equal to 5 mmol l-1) led to significant overestimation of low concentration urinary creatinine measured by an end-point and a kinetic Jaffé reaction, but neither 3-hydroxybutyrate nor glucose influenced these reactions. None of the metabolites interfered with an enzymatic creatininase assay. It is recommended that, when employing the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio to screen for microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus, an enzymatic method be used to measure creatinine in Ketostix positive samples, particularly those that are dilute or obtained from patients with a low lean body mass.     

Detection of glycosidic residues in carpal glands of wild and domestic pig revealed by basic and lectin histochemistry

Carpal glands are compound tubuloalveolar glands, located on the medial surface of the carpus. This study was carried out on samples from carpal glands of adult wild and domestic pigs of both sexes. We elucidated the glycosidic composition of carpal gland secretion in situ using traditional histochemical methods and lectin histochemistry. Some secretory cells exhibited an intense reaction with PAS in both wild and domestic pigs. Lectin histochemistry showed differences in the localization and composition of glycoconjugates secreted by carpal glands. A cytoplasmic positivity was revealed in the wild pig by the sequence sialidase-PNA and WGA, whereas in the domestic pig the reactivity was localized at the apical surface of some cells. LTA positive cells were found only in the carpal glands of the domestic pig.     

Histopathological study of alobar holoprosencephaly

Summary Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens of 24 human gliomas were examined histochemically with five lectins: concanavalin A (Con A), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), Ricinus communis agglutinin 1 (RCA-1), peanut agglutinin (PNA), and Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1 (UEA-1). Although the staining intensity with lectins was variable, tumor cells in five astrocytomas, three oligodendrogliomas, six ependymomas, and one gliosarcoma, were generally positive for Con A, WGA, and RCA-1, and negative for PNA and UEA-1, whereas those in nine glioblastomas were usually positive for Con A and WGA and negative for RCA-1 and PNA as well as UEA-1. The malignancy in neoplastic astrocytes was correlated with the decrease in binding with lectins, especially RCA-1. Blood vessels, particularly the endothelial layers, in all gliomas were stained intensely with all lectins used. Macrophages showed two staining features with lectins; stippled and granular. The former macroplìages were positive for Con A, WGA, RCA-1, and PNA, and negative for UEA-1, whereas the latter macrophages were positive for all lectins used. Thus, the staining characteristics with lectins of macrophages were different from those of any glioma cells and very useful for identification of macrophages in gliomas.     

Nucleolar organizer regions in small cell tumours of childhood

A silver colloid technique for nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) was applied to paraffin sections of 50 small cell tumours of childhood. These comprised 20 neuroblastomas, 10 Ewing's sarcoma, and 20 rhabdomyosarcomas, including spindle cell, myxoid, and round cell variants. On the basis of the number of AgNORs, one could differentiate between the three groups. The differences observed were statistically significant (P = 0.01-0.001). The subtypes of rhabdomyosarcoma could not be distinguished from one another on the basis of AgNOR counts. We suggest that this simple histochemical technique may be a useful adjunct to the range of special techniques now available to assist the pathologist in the diagnosis of small round cell tumours.