Consequence of long-term exposure to corticosterone or dexamethasone on ethanol consumption in the adrenalectomized rat,and the effect of type I and type II corticosteroid receptor antagonists

The daily fluid intake of male Wistar rats with simultaneous access to 6% ethanol and water was determined during a baseline period (1 week), following adrenalectomy (1 week) and for 3 weeks following SC implantation of hormone pellets containing corticosterone (CORT) or dexamethasone (DEX). Ethanol consumption dropped during the first week of adrenalectomy (ADX) but increased again in the absence of hormone replacement to reach preoperative levels during the ensuing weeks. The CORT treatment, which produced plasma hormone levels similar to the 24-h mean concentration of adrenally intact rats, not only reversed the effect of ADX on alcohol consumption but also enhanced it to levels above those observed in intact rats. Water intake was not affected by the CORT treatment. DEX implants stimulated water intake, but did not enhance the drinking of ethanol. SC injections of RU 28318 (type I corticosterone receptor antagonist; 10 mg/kg) or mifepristone (RU 38486; type II receptor antagonist; 25 mg/kg) at the beginning and halfway through three daily, 6-h tests failed to affect ethanol drinking in adrenally intact rats or in ADX rats bearing CORT implants. Similarly, there was no effect of giving the two antagonists in combination. These results suggest that exogenous CORT can induce excessive alcohol intake in genetically unselected rats and that this facilitatory effect may be mediated by non-genomic cellular mechanisms.     

Synergism between buprenorphine and cocaine on the rotational behavior of the nigrally-lesioned rat

 Buprenorphine, a partial mu-opioid receptor agonist, has been proposed as a treatment for cocaine abuse. However, studies in animals have produced conflicting results on the nature of the interaction between buprenorphine and cocaine. In some studies, buprenorphine attenuated the effects of cocaine and in others it enhanced them. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the interaction of buprenorphine and cocaine on the rotational behavior of the nigrally-lesioned rat. Both buprenorphine (0.003–0.1 mg/kg) and cocaine (1.0– 30 mg/kg) alone produced dose-dependent increases in rotational behavior. Buprenorphine produced long-lasting turning with a peak at 60 min after administration, while cocaine produced turning that peaked immediately after administration and lasted for about 2 h. To distinguish simple additivity from other possible outcomes, we determined the relative potency of each drug alone, using a defined level of effect: 150 turns above the saline control in 4 h. This effect was produced by 10.0 mg/kg cocaine alone and by 0.0175 mg/kg buprenorphine alone. Based on these results, fixed ratio combinations were tested and the experimentally derived effects were compared to the theoretically additive values, using an isobolographic analysis. The fixed ratio combinations of the two drugs tested produced turning greater than predicted from simple additivity. This finding provides statistically-supported evidence for synergism between the actions of buprenorphine and cocaine. Received: 28 January 1997 / Final version: 7 June 1997     

母体钙代谢与补钙对妊娠的影响

妊娠期缺钙严重影响母婴的安全健康 ,其原因是由于妊娠期母体钙代谢发生变化 ,使母体血清游离钙离子浓度降低 ,血清铅浓度增高。有关研究表明 ,母体缺钙导致血铅竞争性过高 ,使胎儿身长、体重均小于胎龄儿 ,胎儿宫内发育迟缓的发生率增高 ,甚至发生早产、死胎等。同时发现血清钙离子可能对内源性一氧化氮合成释放起调节作用 ,而内皮素是最强的缩血管物质之一 ,母体补钙可调节一氧化氮与内皮素的平衡 ,从而降低妊高征的发生率。因此孕期补充钙剂是非常重要的。     

肾移植术后氨苄青霉素,诺氟沙星与环孢菌素的相互作用

对71例肾移植术后患者进行了氨苄青霉素与环孢菌素的相互作用研究。患者在开始服用氨苄青霉素之前、之中、之后的肾功能以及环孢菌素全血浓度测定结果表明,三项指标均无显著改变。另一组肾移植术后患者37例进行的诺氟沙星与环孢菌素相互作用研究,结果与氨苄青霉素的相互作用类似。提示氨苄青霉素、诺氟沙星可安全地与环孢菌素合用,而不影响肾功能。     

Renal acid excretion in early infancy

In early infancy, complex disorders of acid base metabolism are more frequent than in any other age group, with a predisposition to metabolic acidosis due to an age-related low renal capacity for acid excretion and an unphysiologically high actual renal acid load in nutrition with common formulas. Recently in preterm and small-for-gestational-age infants, persistent maximum renal net acid excretion (NAE) with subnormal or normal blood acid base status, impaired weight gain, and adaptive hormonal reactions have been observed. Incipient late metabolic acidosis is one example of a mixed disorder of acid base metabolism with maximum renal NAE in early infancy. Alkali therapy is highly effective and can be realized both on an individual basis, using urine pH screening as a diagnostic criterium for maximum renal acid stimulation, or on a general preventive level using modified standard formula with a reduced actual renal NAE similar to that seen on alimentation with human milk. From an integrated point of view, the low glomerular filtration rate and renal capacity for acid excretion beyond the developmental age of more than 44 weeks, may well be interpreted as the result of a specific adaptation to breast feeding sparing energy, and thus an evolutionary advantage for the survival of mother and child. Received July 10, 1996; received in revised form and accepted October 7, 1996     

环孢素A体外抗曼氏血吸虫作用的观察

ＭＦ１小鼠实验感染曼氏血吸虫尾蚴１周、３周和６周后，分别经肺静脉和门静脉灌注取虫。实验显示，药物体外抗曼氏血吸虫的作用呈时间、剂量和虫龄依赖方式，童虫和雄虫对药物更敏感。     

Influence of Size, Dosage, and Surface Structure on Clearance and Tissue Distribution of Intravenous Microspheres

Intravenously injected polystyrene microspheres with functional amino groups (AP-MSs, 0.2,1.0, and 4.0 urn in diameter) were cleared from the blood very rapidly. The calculated half-lives for 0.2-, 1.0-, and 4.0-μm AP-MSs were about 55,60, and 50s; no significant differences were found with 10⁶,10⁷, and 10⁸ microspheres/rat. Loading experiments showed that the liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and heart had a very high capacity to take up AP-MSs. The AP-MSs were distributed mainly to the liver, lung, and spleen, whereas other organs contained less than 1 % of injected AP-MSs. In terms of numbers of AP-MSs per gram of tissue, the highest contents were found in spleen, liver, and lung for 0.2-, 1.0-, and 4.0-um AP-MSs, respectively. There was indication of redistribution of particles from one organ to another during the first 6 h after injection. Chondroitin sulfate A (Chon) and hyaluronic acid (Hya) adsorbed or covalently linked to AP-MSs increased uptake in the liver, with Chon AP-MSs (adsorbed or linked) showing the best effect: about 25% increase compared with unadsorbed 1-μm AP-MSs. Experiments with separated cells in vitro demonstrated that 1 um AP-MSs, intravenously injected, associated only with Kupffer cells. When the microspheres were adsorbed with Chon, there was also association with liver endothelial cells. This finding indicates that conjugation of microspheres with ligands for endothelial receptors may be a useful method for directing microspheres to specific organs, even if the receptors are not by themselves phagocytic     

泰州市级医院消毒剂使用现状调查

[目的]了解泰州市市级各医院的消毒剂使用现状,为指导临床合理、规范使用消毒剂提供依据和指南。[方法]以泰州市5所市级医院为研究对象,全面调查临床使用消毒剂的种类及其使用中消毒剂的有效成份、年消耗量、消毒方法知晓率、染菌量等背景资料。[结果]5所医院使用的消毒剂种类基本相似,主要是含氯消毒剂等高中水平消毒剂,低水平消毒剂使用量很少,消毒剂年消耗量巨大。医院工作人员消毒知识知晓率低,消毒剂使用不合理,影响消毒效果。使用中消毒剂检测合格率为51.4%;其中消毒剂有效成份合格率71.2%;染菌量指标合格率90.9%。消毒剂染菌量合格率与消毒剂配制浓度、消毒时间、消毒方法知晓率之间呈正相关,相关密切程度：消毒时间〉消毒方法〉消毒剂配制浓度;消毒剂总合格率与消毒剂有效成份合格率之间呈正相关。[结论]医院消毒剂使用不合理,可致医院菌株对常用消毒剂产生抗药性。