全膳食中放射性核素的γ能谱测量方法研究

目的 建立一套HP Geγ能谱仪测量全膳食中放射性核素活度浓度的方法。方法 利用"双份饭法"收集全膳食样品后,用BE 5030型宽能HP Geγ能谱仪进行测量。以大米粉标准源验证无源效率刻度的可靠性后,采用LabSOCS软件进行效率刻度,并计算样品中放射性核素的活度浓度和日均摄入量。结果 无源效率刻度验证结果在可接受范围内,所分析样品中均检测出了天然放射性核素²²⁶Ra和⁴⁰K,平均活度浓度分别为0.31和141 Bq/kg（干重）,日均摄入量分别为0.21和95 Bq/d;部分样品检出了²¹⁰Pb和²²⁸Ra;均未检出²³⁸U和人工放射性核素¹³⁷Cs。结论 基于LabSOCS软件的无源效率刻度方法能较好的模拟全膳食样品的探测效率,可以用于全膳食样品的效率刻度。样品中的所检测的放射性核素活度浓度均在国家标准限值内。解决全膳食样品不易混合均匀的制样方法以及"全膳食基质成分库"的建立有待进一步研究。     

Dietary Changes and Gut Dysbiosis in Children With Type 1 Diabetes

Objective: Gut dysbiosis in type 1 diabetes (T1D), characterized by high Bacteroides proportion, tends to reverse as T1D progresses, without reaching full recovery. Since diet influences microbiota structure, the aim was to evaluate the impact of dietary changes on Bacteroides proportion the first year of T1D evolution.

Methods: Dietary intake was assessed by 24-hour recalls and Bacteroides proportion by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, in 10 Mexican children (11.6 ± 1.92 years) with T1D at baseline and 3, 6 and 9 months' follow-up. Repeated measures analysis of variance and multiple linear regression were performed to compare ingested nutrients in relation with Bacteroides proportion. Effects over time were evaluated by mixed regression models.

Results: Patients with T1D decreased their energy (2621.89 to 1867.85 kcal, p = 0.028), protein (83.06 to 75.17 g, p = 0.012), and saturated fat consumption (40.83 to 25.23 g, p = 0.031) from baseline to 3 months, without posterior changes. Bacteroides proportion increased in the first months and tended to decrease at around 9 months (p > 0.05) and was positively correlated with saturated fat (β = 3.70, p = 0.009) and total carbohydrates (β = 0.73, p = 0.005) at 3 months. Carbohydrate consumption was related to decreased Bacteroides abundance over time (β = ?14.9, p = 0.004), after adjusting for glycosylated hemoglobin.

Conclusions: Besides autoimmunity, diet appears to have a central role determining the T1D-associated dysbiosis evolution.     

2022年美国运动医学会《2型糖尿病患者的运动/身体活动指南》解读及启示

2型糖尿病（T2DM）是一种常见的慢性代谢性疾病。近年来,随着国内外相关指南的不断更新,T2DM患者的身体活动建议日趋完善,但在日常活动过程中仍有难点有待解决。2022年2月,美国运动医学会（ACSM）和美国糖尿病协会（ADA）在2010年《运动和2型糖尿病》的基础上进行了更新,针对不同年龄段T2DM患者的身体活动、最佳活动时机、医疗干预与身体活动的有效性、身体活动和饮食注意事项等方面提供了新的临床指导建议。本文对2022年指南的主要内容及重点更新内容进行解读,并提出对我国临床工作者开展T2DM患者运动/身体活动干预的建议。     

限时饮食干预对体质量及代谢影响的Meta分析

背景与目的 减重与代谢手术是治疗中重度肥胖症和病理性肥胖症最有效的治疗手段,但减重手术有着严格的手术适应证,部分未达手术指征的患者也需要一种可行且有效的减重方式。超级肥胖患者直接进行减重手术的风险显著增高,此类患者同样需要一种易接受且效果确切的减重方式进行术前预减重以降低手术风险。限时饮食干预（TRE）是一种基于昼夜节律的减重和治疗代谢疾病的新兴策略,有希望成为减重手术的有力补充,但目前缺乏TRE对体质量、身体成分以及机体代谢影响的全面评估。因此,本研究通过Meta分析系统评价TRE对体质量、身体成分和机体代谢参数的影响,为临床决策提供依据。方法 检索PubMed、Web of Science、EMBASE、CNKI、万方数据库中有关TRE对体质量、身体成分以及机体代谢的影响的随机对照研究,检索时间为自建库起至2022年4月1日。由2名研究者独立筛选文献、提取资料并对纳入文献进行质量评价,采用Stata 17.0软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入14篇文献,共587例受试者。Meta分析的结果显示,与不限制热量的正常饮食的个体比较,采用TRE后的个体的体质量（WMD=-2.40,95% CI=-3.52~-1.29,P<0.001）及脂肪重量（WMD=-1.48,95% CI=-2.26~-0.69,P<0.001）明显减轻,甘油三酯水平下降（WMD=-8.42,95% CI=-13.69~-3.15,P=0.002）,而非脂肪重量、空腹血糖、收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白及低密度脂蛋白等指标差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。结论 TRE是一种有效的减重治疗方法,可明显降低体质量,并以降低脂肪质量为主,对非脂肪质量无明显影响,同时有助于甘油三酯水平的改善,可作为减重手术的有力补充。受所纳入的研究数量与质量限制,上述结论仍需更多高质量研究予以验证。     

儿童生长贴联合艾灸、运动操及饮食习惯调整对儿童身高改善的影响

目的:研究儿童生长贴联合艾灸、运动操及饮食习惯调整相结合的方式对儿童身高改善的影响。方法:纳入身高偏矮患儿58例为研究对象,随机分为研究组(儿童生长贴联合艾灸、运动操与饮食习惯调整)与对照组(饮食指导)各29例,比较血清指标、身高增值与生长速度、有效率与不良反应。结果:2组干预3个月的身高增值与生长速度比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预6个月后与对照组比较,研究组身高增值与生长速度高(P<0.05)。2组干预前胰岛素样生长因子-1 (IGF-1)与胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-3 (IGFBP-3)水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预后与对照组比较,研究组IGF-1与IGFBP-3水平均更高(P<0.05)。对照组总有效率为79.31%,研究组为96.55%,2组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,研究组甲状腺素低下、水肿与头疼的不良反应发生率均更低(P<0.05)。结论:对身高偏矮患儿采用儿童生长贴联合艾灸、运动操及饮食习惯调整相结合的方式治疗能提高身高增值与生长速度,提高疗效并减少不良反应发生,安全性高。     

妊娠期糖尿病的营养治疗分析

目的研究营养治疗对妊娠期糖尿(GDM)病的意义。方法选择2004年1月至2007年4月来我院围产检查确诊并分娩的GDM患者47例,严格饮食控制,监测治疗前后血糖、血脂、血清白蛋白,并跟踪妊娠并发症和围产儿患病率的发生情况。结果40例经单纯饮食治疗,血糖控制满意,有7例需用胰岛素治疗。所有患者治疗后空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、血清三酰甘油、血清总胆固醇水平较治疗前明显下降,差异有显著性(P<0.05);血清白蛋白差异无显著性(P>0.05);新生儿出生平均体质量为(3205±486)g,巨大儿发生率8.33%(4/48),妊娠并发症和围产儿患病率均低于国内相关文献报道。结论早期进行严格合理的饮食控制对GDM的血糖控制和妊娠结局有重要意义。     

陕西省宝鸡市居民膳食营养与慢性病关系调查分析

目的 了解陕西省宝鸡市居民膳食营养相关情况,为制订相关慢性病防控措施提供科学依据.方法 采用抽样调查、半定量食物频率调查法和营养成分分析等方法进行调查.结果 共调查5 020人.陕西省宝鸡市居民对蔬菜类、水果类、鱼虾类、奶类等摄入量不足,分别为平均每人每天摄入213.5、126.8、5.2、50.7 g,而对食用油和盐摄入量超标,分别为52.6、9.5 g;不同性别对谷类、蔬菜类、豆类、奶类、油等摄入量比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,城市与农村比较,除油外,其余差异也均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;对维生素A、B2、B6和叶酸、钙等摄入量明显不足,对钠摄入量显著超过推荐量,不同性别对营养素摄入量比较,差异也有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;居民中超体质量者占27.0%,肥胖者占5.4%.结论 应提倡居民增加蔬菜类、水果类、鱼虾类、奶类等食物的摄入,限制油和盐的摄入,通过合理膳食防控高血压、糖尿病等相关慢性病的发生.     

Parent–Child Associations in Selected Food Group and Nutrient Intakes among Overweight and Obese Adolescents

Few studies have compared parent–child dietary intake among adolescents who are overweight or obese. The purpose of our study was to determine the relationship between parent–teen intake of selected dietary components among this sample. Baseline data from 165 parent and adolescent (aged 11 to 16 years) pairs who presented for a lifestyle behavior modification intervention were collected between 2010 and 2012. Parent and adolescent dietary intake (servings of fruits and vegetables [F/V]; grams of sugar; and percent energy from total fat, saturated fat, dessert/treats, sugar-sweetened beverages, and snacks) was assessed using web-based 24-hour dietary recalls. Multivariable linear and negative binomial regression models identified associations between parent and child dietary intake adjusting for relevant covariates. A large proportion of adolescents and parents did not meet dietary recommendations for F/V, total fat, and saturated fat. Parent–adolescent intake of F/V, total fat, saturated fat, sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages, and snacks were positively associated (r=0.19 to 0.37). No relationship was observed for dessert/treats. In multivariate models, significant interaction effects suggest that the parent–child association in diet was weaker for fat intake among parents with higher educational attainment (b=–.31; P<0.05) and for snacking among adolescent boys (b=–.30; P<.05). Parent intake of several dietary components important for good health, and related to obesity, was associated with adolescent intake. Helping parents improve their diet may promote improvements in their adolescent's diet and is a potential target for interventions designed to increase healthy eating among adolescents.     

Adherence to Dietary Guidelines Positively Affects Quality of Life and Functional Status of Older Adults

BackgroundNutritional parameters could influence self-perceived health and functional status of older adults.ObjectiveWe prospectively determined the association between diet quality and quality of life and activities of daily living.DesignThis was an observational cohort study in which total diet scores, reflecting adherence to dietary guidelines, were determined. Dietary intakes were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire at baseline. Total diet scores were allocated for intake of selected food groups and nutrients for each participant as described in the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating. Higher scores indicated closer adherence to dietary guidelines.Participants/settingIn Sydney, Australia, 1,305 and 895 participants (aged ≥55 years) with complete data were examined over 5 and 10 years, respectively.Main outcome variablesThe 36-Item Short-Form Survey assesses quality of life and has eight subscales representing dimensions of health and well-being; higher scores reflect better quality of life. Functional status was determined once at the 10-year follow-up by the Older Americans Resources and Services activities of daily living scale. This scale has 14 items: seven items assess basic activities of daily living (eg, eating and walking) and seven items assess instrumental activities of daily living (eg, shopping or housework).Statistical analyses performedNormalized 36-Item Short-Form Survey component scores were used in analysis of covariance to calculate multivariable adjusted mean scores. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios and 95% CIs to demonstrate the association between total diet score with the 5-year incidence of impaired activities of daily living.ResultsParticipants in the highest vs lowest quartile of baseline total diet scores had adjusted mean scores 5.6, 4.0, 5.3, and 2.6 units higher in these 36-Item Short-Form Survey domains 5 years later: physical function (P_trend=0.003), general health (P_trend=0.02), vitality (P_trend=0.001), and physical composite score (P_trend=0.003), respectively. Participants in the highest vs lowest quartile of baseline total diet scores had 50% reduced risk of impaired instrumental activites of daily living at follow-up (multivariable-adjusted P_trend=0.03).ConclusionsHigher diet quality was prospectively associated with better quality of life and functional ability.