The influence of fast and vegetarian diet on parameters of nutritional status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Summary Nutritional status was studied over a period of 13 months in 34 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Seventeen patients fasted for 7–10 days, were then transferred to a gluten-free vegan diet for 3.5 months and finally to a lactovegetarian diet for 9 months. The remaining 17 patients followed a normal diet. After one month, the values for body mass index (BMI) and triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) were significantly reduced in the diet group compared with the values at inclusion (p<0.001), whereas upper arm muscle area (UAMA) was not significantly reduced. Evaluation of the whole study course revealed a significantly lower BMI (p=0.04) and TSF (p<0.01) in the diet group compared with the control group. The concentration of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) was significantly reduced in the diet group after one month compared with the value at inclusion (p=0.01), but the overall difference between the two groups was not significant. There were no overall significant differences with regard to VAMA, concentration of serum albumin, haemoglobin, ferritin, zinc and copper between the two groups. Thus fast, followed by diet manipulations for one year, had a minor impact on nutritional status in patients with RA.     

不同饮食对大鼠十二指肠溃疡愈合的影响及胃粘膜的保护作用

目的:观察小米。大米。面粉和全脂奶饮食对实验性十二指肠溃疡(DU愈合的影响及胃粘膜的保护作用,寻求DU患者更为合理的饮食种类。方法:应用5%半胱胺盐酸盐建立实验性大鼠DU模型,给予不同饮食后测定胃粘膜电位差(PD。前列腺素E2(PGE2)含量。计算溃疡指数(UI)及判定溃疡愈合程度。结果:小米组和大米组的UI分别为2.60±1.71和3.00±1.77,低于面粉组4.70±1.77(P<0.05);全脂奶组UI与以上三组相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。胃粘膜组织中PGE2含量亦以小米组和大米组为高,分别为1802.40 pg/mg±567.26pg/mg和1706.86pg/mg±429.08 pg/mg,与面粉组和全脂奶组相比差异显著(P<0.01,P<0.05)。胃粘膜PD检测:小米组为-22.32±10.59;面粉组为-11.76±8.08,两组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。结论:通过胃粘膜PD的检测,反映小米饮食可提高胃粘膜屏障的完整性;小米和大米饮食可增加胃粘膜组织中PGE2含量,对实验性大鼠DU愈合作用优于面粉饮食。     

The sand rat (psammomys obesus) as an experimental animal in studies of diabetes mellitus

Summary The sand rat has some unique attributes, which make it a valuable experimental animal. The occurrence of increased plasma insulin levels and of hyperglycemia is linked to an increased food intake. As in the human maturity-onset type diabetes, there seems to be an element of insulin resistance, and this can be demonstratedin vitro by the relative unresponsiveness of sand rat adipose tissue to increasing doses of pork insulin. Prophylactic treatment with acetohexamide seems to have some protective effect against the diabetogenic results of a high calory diet. — It is expected that the diabetic syndrome in sand rats, which can be so easily induced by dietary manipulation, will be a valuable tool in helping to clarify some of the possible mechanisms in the syndrome of diabetes mellitus.This work was carried out during the tenure of Research Career Awards from the U. S. Public Health Service to Drs.Hackel (HE-K6-14, 188) andSchmidt-Nielsen, (K6-GM-21, 522) a Career Development Award to Dr.Lebovitz (K3-AM-17, 954), and a Research Fellowship to Dr.Horton (F3-AM-32, 326); supported by grants from the U. S. Public Health Service (AM-08949, AM-1324, and HE-0228), Eli Lilly Co., the Duke University Research Council, and the Mary Duke Biddle Foundation.     

不同头位吞咽不同黏度液体食物对健康成人舌骨上肌群表面肌电的影响

目的 探讨不同头位吞咽不同黏度液体食物对健康成人舌骨上肌群表面肌电的影响。 方法 随机选取健康受试者20例,按随机数字表法设置的顺序,依次采用3种头位吞咽5种浓度的食物,每口量均为5 ml,实时记录每次吞咽时左、右侧舌骨上肌群的表面肌电信号。对原始肌电信号进行处理后,分析不同黏度和头位对舌骨上肌群激活水平影响的主效应,再采用简单效应分析确定黏度、头位和舌骨上肌群激活水平的交互效应。 结果 不同头位或不同黏度的主效应均存在差异,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。右转头位和右侧屈头位吞咽同黏度液体食物时,左侧舌骨上肌群净振幅值均高于右侧舌骨上肌群,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。吞咽同黏度液体食物时,在中立位、右转头位、右侧屈头位,左侧舌骨上肌群的净振幅值依次增高,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。在吞咽同黏度（0～3级）的液体食物时,右转头位右侧舌骨上肌群的净振幅值低于中立位和右侧屈头位,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。在吞咽4级的液体食物时,右侧屈头位右侧舌骨上肌群的净振幅值高于中立位和右转头位,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。右转头位吞咽0级液体食物时,左侧舌骨上肌群净振幅值显著低于吞咽1～4级的液体食物,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。右侧屈头位吞咽0级液体食物时,左侧舌骨上肌群净振幅值显著低于吞咽2～4级液体食物,吞咽1级液体食物时,左侧舌骨上肌群净振幅值显著低于吞咽3～4级的液体食物,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。右侧屈头位吞咽4级的液体食物时,右侧舌骨上肌群净振幅值高于吞咽0～1级的液体食物,吞咽3级液体食物时,右侧舌骨上肌群净振幅值高于吞咽1级的液体食物,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。 结论 吞咽时采用不同的头位和黏度,可不同程度地影响舌骨上肌群的收缩。     

Eating disorder diagnosis and the female athlete: A longitudinal analysis from college sport to retirement

ObjectivesFemale athletes experience eating disorders (EDs) at clinical, and subclinical, levels; most studies have determined point-prevalence rates through cross-sectional methodologies. To date, few studies have examined the long-term stability of EDs in female athletes; none extend into retirement.DesignA longitudinal investigation of ED classification (i.e., Clinical ED, Subclinical ED, Healthy) and weight control behaviors (e.g., vomiting, laxative use) from when athletes actively competed (T1) into their retirement (T2).MethodsParticipants included U.S. female athletes (N = 193) who were collegiate competitors (T1) and eventually were retired from their collegiate sports six years later (T2).ResultsAt T2, athletes were classified as Healthy (69.9%), Subclinical ED (26.9%), and Clinical ED (3.1%). Overall percentage of Subclinical EDs increased from 18.7% (T1) to 26.9% (T2); 52.8% of T1 Subclinical ED athletes continued to meet criteria for either Subclinical or Clinical ED at T2. Of the 13 Clinical ED athletes at T1, six (46.2%) continued to meet criteria for either a subclinical or clinical ED at T2. Though exercising (2+ hours/day; n = 8, 4.1%) and dieting/fasting (4+ times/year; n = 14, 7.3%) were the most frequently used weight control behaviors at T2, rates were substantially lower than at T1.ConclusionsRetirement does not result in immediate remittance of eating concerns among female athletes; many continue or develop Subclinical and Clinical ED symptoms. Thus, addressing healthy body image and nutrition when athletes are competing is imperative to assist prevention and intervention efforts that may alleviate ED symptoms as athletes transition from sport.     

体验式饮食管理在糖调节受损患者中的应用效果

目的 探讨体验式饮食管理在糖调节受损患者中的应用效果。方法 选取2018年1—6月笔者所在医院糖尿病门诊的120例患者,采用随机数字表法将所有患者分为对照组和观察组,各60例。比较2组空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、三酰甘油、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇以及患者自我管理能力。结果 干预3个月后,观察组的空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白,三酰甘油均低于对照组(t=5.523,P<0.001;t=4.280,P<0.001;t=2.970,P=0.004;t=3.478,P=0.001)。患者糖尿病前期自我管理量表得分明显高于对照组(t=-10.357,P<0.001)。2组总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论 体验式饮食管理能有效控制糖调节受损患者的血糖水平以及部分血脂指标水平,同时提高了患者的饮食自我管理能力,对糖调节受损患者的饮食指导具有良好的意义。     

膳食营养对小学生氟斑牙发病程度的影响

Objective To investigate the effect of dietary nutrition on dental fluorosis degrees of school children in endemic fluorosis areas. Methods Two hundred and eight children aged 8 to 12 years were chosen using cluster random sampling method from a village of municipal suburban and a town of autonomous region, both with a history of serious endemic fluorosis. Morning urinary fluoride was measured by fluoride ion electrode. The Tooth Surface Index of Dean was applied to measure the severity of dental fluorosis. Food and nutrient intakes were analyzed according to the 3-day diet records and duplicate meals. Results The urinary fluoride concentration of the children in the town [(6.80±3.90)mg/L]was much higher than those in the village [(5.20±2.75)mg/L, t= 3.21, P < 0.01]. Dental fluorosis index of the children in the town was 1.9, higher than that of the village of 1.8 (H=10.266, P < 0.01). The town had more children with fluoride tooth degree higher than Ⅱ [63.3%(57/90)]than the village did[48.3% (57/118), χ2=4.633, P < 0.05]. A 3-days diet records showed that children in the village ate more protein, calcium, vitamin C and so on but less dietary fiber, vitamin E, magnesium than those in the town did(all P < 0.01). Duplicate meals revealed that children in the town had more daily intake of magnesium, lithium, lead and less cadmium than those of the village did(P < 0.01 or < 0.05). Children in the village had higher intake of fluoride[(2.24±1.18)mg/d]than those of the town [(1.78±0.06)mg/d, t = 4.21, P < 0.01]. Conclusions Healthy diet can reduce the incidence of dental fluorosis or mitigate the degree of the impairment. This study can provide scientific basis for the future control and elimination of endemic fluorosis.     

Improved fibrinolysis by an intensive lifestyle intervention in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study

Aims/hypothesis The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of lifestyle intervention on the levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) and fibrinogen in subjects participating in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS).Methods In five DPS centres, 321 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (intervention group, n=163; control group, n=158) had their PAI-1 and fibrinogen levels measured at baseline and at the 1-year follow-up. Additional 3-year follow-up assessments were carried out in a sample of 97 subjects in one of the DPS centres (Turku). The intervention programme included an intensive lifestyle intervention aiming at weight reduction, healthy diet and increased physical activity.Results During the first intervention year, PAI-1 decreased by 31% in the intervention group but showed no change in the control group (p<0.0001). In the Turku subgroup, the decrease in PAI-1 persisted throughout the 3-year follow-up. Changes in PAI-1 were associated with the number of lifestyle changes made during the first year (p=0.008). Weight reduction was the most important factor explaining the decrease in PAI-1. Changes in fibrinogen levels did not differ between the groups.Conclusions/interpretation In addition to the previously reported reduction in the risk of type 2 diabetes in DPS participants with impaired glucose tolerance, the intensive dietary and exercise intervention had beneficial long-term effects on fibrinolysis as indicated by the reduced levels of PAI-1. These results suggest that elevated PAI-1 levels in obese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance are mostly reversible by lifestyle changes, especially those geared to weight reduction.     

Alpha-linolenic acid and coronary heart disease

AIM: To summarize our present knowledge about vegetable omega-3 fatty acids. DATA SYNTHESIS: Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is one of the two essential fatty acids in humans. Epidemiological studies and dietary trials strongly suggest that this fatty acid is important in relation with the pathogenesis (and prevention) of coronary heart disease. Like other n-3 fatty acids from marine origin, it may prevent cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. The optimal dietary intake of alpha-linolenic acid seems to be about 2 g per day or 0.6 to 1% of total energy intake. Obtaining an optimal ratio of the two essential fatty acids, linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids--ie a ratio of less than 4 to 1 in the diet--is a major issue. The main sources of alpha-linolenic acid for the European population should be canola oil (and canola-oil based margarine if available), nuts (English walnut), ground linseeds and green leafy vegetables such as purslane. CONCLUSIONS: Epidemiological studies and dietary trials in humans suggest that alpha-linolenic acid is a major cardio-protective nutrient.     

The Healthy Microbiome—What Is the Definition of a Healthy Gut Microbiome?

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