尿毒症患者血浆脑钠肽水平变化及与心功能的关系研究

目的观察尿毒症患者血浆脑钠肽水平变化,探讨其与心功能的关系。方法收集徐州医学院附属连云港医院肾内科2012年6月—2013年12月收治的新发尿毒症患者72例,根据纽约心脏病协会(NYHA)心功能分级分为Ⅱ级组27例,Ⅲ级组25例,Ⅳ级组20例,比较3组患者血浆脑钠肽水平、射血分数、血肌酐水平。所有患者进行透析治疗,比较透析前、透析3次后次日、透析4周后次日血浆脑钠肽水平、射血分数、血肌酐水平。结果 3组患者血肌酐水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);Ⅲ级组、Ⅳ级组患者血浆脑钠肽水平高于Ⅱ级组、射血分数低于Ⅱ级组,Ⅳ级组患者血浆脑钠肽水平高于Ⅲ级组、射血分数低于Ⅲ级组(P0.05)。所有患者透析3次后次日、透析4周后次日血浆脑钠肽水平、血肌酐水平低于透析前,射血分数高于透析前,透析4周后次日血浆脑钠肽水平低于透析3次后次日,射血分数高于透析3次后次日(P0.05)。结论尿毒症患者心功能越差,血浆脑钠肽水平越高,透析治疗可明显改善尿毒症患者心功能,降低血浆脑钠肽水平。     

Myocardial Revascularization in Dyalitic Patients: In-Hospital Period Evaluation

Background

Coronary artery bypass grafting currently is the best treatment for dialytic patients with multivessel coronary disease, but hospital morbidity and mortality related to procedure is still high.

Objective

Evaluate results and in-hospital outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting in dialytic patients.

Methods

Retrospective unicentric study including 50 consecutive and not selected dialytic patients, who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting in a tertiary university hospital from 2007 to 2012.

Results

High prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was observed (100% hypertensive, 68% diabetic and 40% dyslipidemic). There was no intra-operative death and 60% of the procedures were performed off-pump. There were seven (14%) in-hospital deaths. Postoperative infection, previous heart failure, cardiopulmonary bypass, abnormal ventricular function and surgical re-exploration were associated with increased mortality.

Conclusion

Coronary artery bypass grafting is feasible to dialytic patients although high in-hospital morbidity and mortality. It is necessary better understanding about metabolic aspects to plan adequate interventions.     

Practical Approach to Evaluate Asymptomatic Coronary Artery Disease in End‐Stage Renal Disease Patients at the Initiation of Dialysis

The high prevalence of significant asymptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD) has been reported in patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) at the initiation of dialysis. However, the approach to evaluate asymptomatic CAD for these patients has not been established. The aim of this study is to assess the applicability of our practical approach at the initiation of dialysis. We prospectively enrolled 182 consecutive ESRD patients who initiated dialysis. After echocardiography as primary screening, pharmacologic stress thallium‐201 scintigraphy and/or coronary angiography (CAG) were performed to diagnose CAD. The patients were classified into two groups: those with coronary artery stenosis by CAG (CAD+ group), those without coronary artery stenosis by CAG or with negative scintigraphy examination (CAD? group). Of the eligible 93 patients without the history of CAD, 22 patients were allocated to the CAD+ group (18 of 26 patients with abnormal echocardiography and 4 of 13 patients with positive scintigraphy examination) and 71 patients to the CAD? group. Patients were followed up for an average of 520 ± 304 days. The event‐free survival rate of major adverse cardiac events was significantly lower in the CAD+ group than in the CAD? group (P < 0.001). There was no cardiovascular event including major adverse cardiac events, unstable angina, coronary revascularization or stroke in the CAD? group during the first year of dialysis. Patients without CAD diagnosed by our approach had favorable clinical outcomes. Our approach may be useful for screening of occult CAD in ESRD patients at the initiation of dialysis.     

Mechanisms of axonal dysfunction in diabetic and uraemic neuropathies

The global burden imposed by metabolic diseases and associated complications continue to escalate. Neurological complications, most commonly peripheral neuropathy, represent a significant cause of morbidity and disability in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Furthermore, health care costs are substantially increased by the presence of complications making investigation into treatment a matter of high priority. Over the last decade nerve excitability techniques have entered the clinical realm and enabled in vivo assessment of biophysical properties and function of peripheral nerves in health and disease. Studies of excitability in diabetic neuropathy have demonstrated alteration in biophysical properties, including changes in Na⁺ conductances and Na⁺/K⁺ pump function, which may contribute to the development of neuropathic symptoms. Interventional studies have demonstrated that these changes are responsive to pharmacological agents. Excitability studies in patients with chronic kidney disease have demonstrated prominent changes that may contribute to the development of uraemic neuropathy. In particular, these studies have demonstrated strong correlation between hyperkalaemia and the development of nerve dysfunction. These studies have provided a basis for future work assessing the benefits of potassium restriction as a therapeutic strategy in this condition.     

Assessment of Hemodialysis Adequacy by Ionic Dialysance: Comparison to Standard Method of Urea Removal

Background. The hemodialysis adequacy is one of the most important issues influencing the survival of patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HD). Assessment of measuring the delivered dialysis dose using clearance × time/volume (Kt/V) index requires multiple blood sampling. New methods for assessment of dialysis dose based on ionic dialysance (ID) have been suggested. Online conductivity monitoring (using sodium flux as a surrogate for urea) allows the repeated noninvasive measurement of Kt/V on each HD treatment. In this study we have compared this method with the standard method of estimating Kt/V. Methods. We studied 24 established HD patients over a 4 week time period. Patients were dialyzed using Fresenius 4008S dialysis monitors, equipped with modules to measure ID. Data were manually collected and analyzed using the appropriate statistical software. Urea removal (UR) was measured once a week by a two-pool calculation, estimating an eKt/V. Results. The Kt/V measured by ID highly correlated with the one derived from the measurement of the UR (r = 0.8959, p< 0.0001). The ID underestimated UR by the mean of 6%. The ID varied greatly within individual patients with a median of 1.29 ± 0.22. If the eKt/V ≥ 1.2 is considered adequate, 33% of the patients would have been inadequately dialyzed. The mean HD duration to achieve an adequate dialysis was 4 hours and 47 minutes with high interpatient variability. Conclusion. The ID seems to be an easily obtained measure of the delivered dialysis dose, correlating well with standard UR method. Substantial individual variations imply that repeated measures (ideally for all treatments) are necessary to obtain a real answer to the mean treatment dose being delivered to the patients.     

Risk Factors for Hospital Death of Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease Without Previous Diagnosis of Severe Chronic Renal Failure Arriving in an Emergency Situation at the Hospital

Objectives.?Many end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients get their first nephrologic care under critical clinical conditions and without previous diagnosis of chronic renal failure (CRF), a situation even worse than the late referral of CRF patients for nephrologic treatment. Data on these “nonreferred” patients are scarce. The objectives of this study were to assess clinical and laboratory features, the reasons for coming to the hospital and the factors associated with death in nonreferred ESRD patients first seen by a nephrologist in an emergency situation. Methods.?Retrospective study (04 1996–03 2000) using the medical records of patients diagnosed with ESRD at the nephrologic emergency visit in a university tertiary hospital. Clinical and laboratory parameters were reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups according to hospital outcome: survivors or nonsurvivors. Results.?There were 414 patients (12% of all nephrologic emergency visits), aged 49 ± 17 years, 266 males (64%) and 208 (55%) hypertensive. Mortality rate was 13.7% (54/393). When compared to survivors, nonsurvivors were older, used mechanical ventilation and vasoactive drugs more frequently, presented higher infection rate, and showed lower plasma creatinine. Multivariate logistic regression showed as factors independently associated with death: first nephrologic visit at intensive care unit, infection as cause for seeking medical care, and increasing age. Plasma creatinine above 10 mg/dL was a protective factor for death. Conclusions.?ESRD patients reaching dialysis in a nephrologic emergency situation presented high hospital mortality, which was mostly associated with their poor clinical condition at admission.     

Health-Related Quality of Life,Treatment Efficacy,and Hemodialysis Patient Outcome

The aim of the study was to examine the influence of improved treatment of hemodialysis (HD) patients on their health-related quality of life (HrQoL) and to assess the predictive value of HrQoL dimensions on patient outcome. The prospective cohort study involved 102 HD patients, and their clinical and laboratory parameters and HD adequacy indices were followed from 2001 to 2007. HrQoL was measured using KDQOL-SF Version 1.3 in 2001, 2004, and 2007. During a six-year period, quality of HD and anemia treatment improved and resulted in significant increase of mean Kt/V (1.2–1.56) and hemoglobin levels (86.5–115.6 g/L). All four HrQoL dimensions (i.e., physical, mental health, kidney disease target issues, and patient satisfaction) remained unchanged, but significant improvement in several HrQoL physical health domains and the effects of kidney disease domain was found. Mortality rate decreased from 18.6% to 7.14% per year. Age was associated positively, but kidney disease target issue score negatively, with patient death. Improved HD adequacy and anemia treatment in HD patients were followed with maintenance of all four HrQoL dimensions unchanged over six years. Moreover, an improvement in several physical health domains and the effects of kidney disease domain was found. Age and kidney disease target issue appeared as significant predictors of patients' death.