Risk stratification using anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) in polyarticular subtypes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in adulthood

ObjectivesPolyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA) is a subset of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), divided into two subtypes according to the presence of rheumatoid factor: pJIA without rheumatoid factor (pJIA RF-) and pJIA with positive rheumatoid factor (pJIA RF + ), this latter is characterised with more structural damage. Anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) are often associated with RF. The respective performance of ACPA versus RF in structural outcome in pJIA, and in particular in adulthood pJIA remains unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether ACPA could be of value to assess structural damage in pJIA persisting in adulthood.MethodsPatients with pJIA and available data for ACPA, RF and X-ray were included retrospectively. Structural damage was assessed by two independent blinded investigators using Sharp Van Der Heijde scores.Results56 pJIA adult patients were included: 62% (35/56) had pJIA RF+ and 38% (21/56) pJIA RF-. ACPA positivity in pJIA was significantly associated with presence of RF (96% vs 26%, P < 0.001). RF positivity was significantly associated with higher Sharp van Der Heijde erosion and total scores (respectively P < 0.01 and P < 0.05). There were higher Sharp Van Der Heijde erosion, joint space narrowing and total scores in the pJIA ACPA+ subgroup than in the pJIA ACPA- subgroup, although there was no statistical significance. However, when adjusted on disease duration, pJIA ACPA+ patients had significantly higher erosion and total scores than pJIA ACPA- patients (P < 0.05), and pJIA ACPA+ patients required more bDMARDs than pJIA ACPA- patients (P < 0.05). Moreover, pJIA patients with high Sharp van Der Heijde joint space narrowing and total scores had significantly higher ACPA levels (P < 0.01). A correlation was identified between ACPA levels and Sharp van Der Heijde total score (r = 0.54, P < 0.05). In the pJIA RF+ subgroup the presence of ACPA was associated with additional structural damage compared to no ACPA: sharp Van Der Heijde erosion, joint space narrowing and total scores were higher in the pJIA RF+ ACPA+ subgroup than in the pJIA RF+ ACPA- subgroup although these results did not reach significance.ConclusionOur results suggest that pJIA RF+ ACPA+ adult patients may have a more severe articular phenotype than pJIA RF+ ACPA- patients. ACPA could bring an additional value to RF for pJIA patients regarding structural damage. Altogether our results show that RF and ACPA are associated with structural damage measured by Sharp Van Der Heijde score in pJIA persisting in adulthood.