Handling of biological samples in the determination of the anti-neoplastic drug mitomycin C

A study to ascertain suitable conditions for handling biological samples from patients, treated with the antibiotic mitomycin C (MMC), with the objective of improving the accuracy and reliability of the determination is described. Situations frequently occurring in medical practice are simulated to optimize procedures for reliable and reproducible sampling, sample treatment and determination of MMC. Continuation of drug partitioning in whole blood after sampling can be prevented by immediate cooling in ice before the separation of plasma from cells. The adjustment of the pH of urine samples is shown to be particularly important since a low urinary pH causes decomposition of MMC; moreover, it may decrease extraction recovery. Furthermore, long-term exposure of samples to daylight induces drug decomposition. Frozen storage of plasma and urine samples for periods greater than 3 weeks is to be avoided as this results in a considerable drop in MMC concentration. Repeated cycles of freezing and thawing are shown to have no effect upon the analytical results (6 cycles tested). The analysis of extracts of biological samples may take place up to at least 24 h after their preparation without measurable loss of analyte.     

Increased metabolism to dihydrodigoxin after intake of a microencapsulated formulation of digoxin

Summary A capsule preparation containing small, enteric-coated granules of digoxin was developed to prevent acid hydrolysis of the drug in the stomach and to diminish the variation in plasma glycoside concentration during the intervals between doses. The absorption and metabolism of tritiated digoxin after a single oral loading dose of this formulation (Formulation C) were compared to those after ingestion of a digoxin solution (Formulation S) by 8 healthy men. Drug concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and liquid chromatography (LC). The percentage of the digoxin dose excreted in the urine during 72 h, as measured by RIA, was significantly lower after the capsule (20.5±2.0% vs 36.2±3.0% after S, mean±SEM) but total urinary radioactivity after the two treatments was similar (C 35.3±5.2 and S 41.2±2.6%; p>0.05). The discrepancy was mainly due to significantly greater excretion of dihydrodigoxin after the capsule ( 12.8%, range 0–28.6% of the dose) than after the digoxin solution ( 5.4%, range 0–14.5%). Dihydrodigoxin was not measured by the RIA. The recovery of hydrolysis metabolites (LC) was greater during the first 24 h after S (2.3±0.6% vs 0.9±0.3% after C; p<0.05). The peak plasma concentration of digoxin (RIA) was significantly reduced and delayed after intake of C (2.5±0.4 nmol/l at 3.8±0.3 h vs. 8.3±0.8 nmol/l at 0.9±0.1 h after S), and so was the shortening of electromechanical systole at 1.5 h, 2.5 h, and 3 h. Thus, the enteric-coated digoxin preparation delayed the absorption and reduced the hydrolysis of the glycoside, but it also carried the drawback of reducing digoxin availability, mainly because of increased metabolism to dihydrodigoxin.     

全国细菌耐药监测网2014—2019年尿标本细菌耐药监测报告

目的探讨全国尿标本分离细菌菌种分布及耐药变迁。方法按照全国细菌耐药监测网(CARSS)技术方案,应用WHONET5.6软件对2014—2019年所有CARSS成员单位上报的尿标本分离细菌及药敏结果数据进行分析。结果男性患者尿标本分离细菌居前5位者分别为大肠埃希菌(33.1%~34.6%)、粪肠球菌(9.2%~10.2%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(9.0%~9.4%)、屎肠球菌(7.8%~10.2%)和铜绿假单胞菌(5.6%~6.9%),女性患者尿标本分离细菌居前5位者分别为大肠埃希菌(57.0%~57.4%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(7.5%~8.3%)、屎肠球菌(6.8%~8.7%)、粪肠球菌(5.5%~6.0%)和奇异变形杆菌(3.3%~3.5%)。男性和女性患者尿标本分离粪肠球菌对氨苄西林和呋喃妥因耐药率分别<12%和7%,对万古霉素耐药率<3%;屎肠球菌对氨苄西林、左氧氟沙星耐药率均为90%左右,对万古霉素耐药率<4%。大肠埃希菌对头孢曲松耐药率>47%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、呋喃妥因耐药率≤8%,对于β-内酰胺类耐药率男性比女性高,其中头孢曲松的耐药率高12个百分点左右。男性患者分离肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢曲松耐药率为58%左右,女性患者耐药率为45%左右。男性和女性患者尿标本分离铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率均<14%,对碳青霉烯类耐药率为15%左右。鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和米诺环素耐药率分别<27%和22%,对碳青霉烯类耐药率,男性为31.7%~47.7%,女性为26.5%~41.2%。结论尿标本分离细菌在不同性别构成上有所不同,且部分肠杆菌目细菌耐药率不同性别间也有一定差异,不同年度间部分细菌的耐药率也有一定变化。尿标本分离细菌的耐药监测,可为尿路感染抗菌药物合理应用提供参考数据。     

复方磺胺嘧啶锌涂膜剂治疗烧伤的疗效观察

目的 观察复方磺胺嘧啶锌涂膜剂治疗浅Ⅱ度、深Ⅱ度 烧伤创面、残余创面抗感染和促进创面愈合的作用。方法 治疗组清 创 后应用复方磺胺嘧啶锌涂膜剂涂于创面的表面,对照组应用1%磺胺嘧啶银霜覆盖创面,共治 疗119例烧伤患者(即222个创面),包括浅Ⅱ度烧伤、深Ⅱ度烧伤、残余小创面及供皮区创面 ,并观察创面完全愈合时间、创面表面细菌培养用药前与用药中的情况以及复方磺胺嘧啶锌 涂膜剂对全身情况的影响。结果 浅Ⅱ度烧伤创面治疗组(10.25±1 .6 9)天完全愈合,对照组(13.15±2.03)天愈合;深Ⅱ度创面治疗组(18.10±2.72)天愈合 ,对照组(21.2±3.64)天愈合,治疗组明显优于对照组(P＜0.05);治疗组用药前细 菌培养阳性率是38.8%,治疗中降至9.0%;对照组用药前细菌培养阳性率为32.7%,治疗 中降至25.4%;两组间比较具有显著性差异(P＜0.05);患者未出现疼痛、过敏反应 和其它不良反应。结论 复方磺胺嘧啶锌涂膜剂治疗烧伤创面可促进上 皮 化、加速创面愈合、有效地防治创面感染,该药应用简便、适用于社区、基层常见的中、小 面积浅度烧伤治疗。     

高渗和低渗造影剂对大白鼠肾毒性的实验研究

目的 :研究高、低渗造影剂对甘油致肾损害大鼠和正常大鼠的肾毒性 ,观察山莨菪碱预防肾小管损害的作用。方法 :用 2 5 %甘油按 1ml/ 10 0 g制肾损害大鼠模型 ,然后从静脉注射高渗造影剂 (76 %复方泛影葡胺 ,1ml/ 10 0 g)或优维显 (1m l/ 10 0 g) ,2 4h后各组随机处死 10只大鼠 ,肾脏用 10 %福尔马林固定后做病理检查。结果 :在肾功能损害组 ,给高渗造影剂后 ,可使肾小管管型数和肾小管坏死数明显高于低渗造影剂组和甘油对照组 (P<0 .0 1) ,山莨菪碱可明显减轻肾小管损害 (P<0 .0 5 )。正常肾功能组高、低渗造影剂组之间肾小管损害无显著性差异。结论 :肾功能损害时用低渗造影剂对肾毒性较小 ,山莨菪碱对复方泛影葡胺的肾毒性有一定的预防作用。     

药用辅料在制剂中的应用概述

药用辅料是药物制剂的基础材料的重要的组成部分,在制剂型和生产中起着关键作用,它不仅赋予药物一定剂型,并且与提高药物的疗效,降低毒副作用有很大的关系,因此,研究开发,合理应用辅仅可提高药物制剂质量和生产技术水平,而且可取得较大的社会及经济效益。     

住院精神分裂症患者十年前后用药情况对比分析

目的对十年前后精神分裂症患者用药情况的变化进行调查分析.方法对十年前后两个五年段的各500份符合精神分裂症诊断标准的病历进行回顾性调查,并对各项指标进行对比分析.结果两组折算用药剂量经t检验差异无显著性(P>0.05);两组合并用药、合并抗胆碱药及疗效经χ2检验差异有显著性(P<0.01);十年后非典型抗精神病药物氯氮平在临床上的应用比例明显增大并上升为首位.结论十年前后两组抗精神病药的应用发生了明显变化,疗效好、副作用轻的非典型抗精神病药的应用比例明显增加.     

纯钛表面激光合成钙磷生物陶瓷涂层的组成与结构

目的 采用廉价的CaCO_3和CaHPO_4·2H_2O作为原料,在激光的作用下通过反应制备HA生物陶瓷涂层。方法 利用X射线衍射仪和电子探针分析仪对涂层进行相分析、组织观察和成分分析。结果CaCO_3和CaHPO_4·2H_2O按20:80的质量比混合时,在功率为600W、扫描速度为3.5mm/s的激光作用下可一步合成钙磷生物陶瓷涂层。结论 在一定实验条件下,CaCO_3和CaHPO_4·2H_2O可合成组织致密、结合状态良好的钙磷生物陶瓷涂层。     

红霉素缓释微囊的制备及其释药机理的研究

本文旨在探讨红霉素微囊的制备及体外缓释机理。以明胶等为囊材,用红霉素制成微囊,研究微囊的厚度及孔隙度对药物释放速率的影响。进行理论分析,与实验结果相符性较好。