Fall Prevention Research and Practice: A Total Worker Safety Approach

Slips, trips, and falls (STF) represent a serious hazard to workers and occupants in many industries, homes, and communities. Often, the cause of a STF incident is multifactorial, encompassing human, environmental, and task risk factors. A STF-related disability can greatly diminish the occupational capability and quality of life of individuals in both the workplace and the home. Countering STF hazards and risks both on and off the job and on all aspects of control measures is a “total worker safety” matter, a challenging yet tangible undertaking. As the federal organization responsible for conducting research for the prevention of work-related injuries in the United States, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has been conducting research on STF controls for some decades. Many NIOSH research outcomes have been utilized for STF prevention in workplaces, with potential for prevention in homes as well. This paper summarizes the concept of total worker safety for STF control, NIOSH priority research goals, major activities, and accomplishments, and some emerging issues on STF. The strategic planning process for the NIOSH research goals and some identified research focuses are applicable to the development and implementation of global STF research goals.     

The Democritos Movement Screening Tool for preschool children (DEMOST-PRE©): Development and factorial validity

The aim of this study was (a) to develop an assessment tool (the Democritos Movement Screening Tool for Preschool Children – DEMOST-PRE), designed to provide preschool educators, clinicians and researchers with information about assessment and screening of the motor proficiency of children aged 4–6 years, as well as the development and control of movement programmes and (b) to assess its factorial validity. First, tool's content and face validity were established and its final structure was determined. Then, the DEMOST-PRE was administered to 435 children (197 girls) aged 48–71 months (M = 60.48 months, SD = 6.98). The factor analysis conducted revealed two distinct components. Present evidence combined with the DEMOST-PRE administrative traits make it promising for preschool aged children's assessment.     

Research on Fall Prevention and Protection from Heights in Japan

The high frequency of fall accidents is a serious problem in Japan. Thus, more stringent countermeasures for preventing falls from scaffolds were developed and incorporated into institutional guidelines. These countermeasures aim to decrease deaths caused by falls from scaffolds. Despite the improvements in such measures, however, the rate of accidental fall deaths remains high in Japan’s construction industries. To improve the rigor of the countermeasures, a committee was established in our institute by the Japan Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare. This committee investigated the regulations applied in other countries and evaluated construction industry compliance with existing fall prevention guidelines. After considerable research and discussion, the Occupational Safety and Health Regulations and Guidelines were amended in 2009. The effects of the amended regulations have recently been investigated on the basis of accident reports. This paper describes the investigation and its results. The paper also discusses other research and workplace safety countermeasures for preventing falls and ensuring fall protection from heights.     

如何减少医院建设项目的超投资

医院建设项目超投资的原因是预算考虑不周,方案制定不细,从而在源头埋下隐患。如何把预算做得周密严谨,如何把握好建筑布局与运行管理和成本的关系,是检验医院管理者的一项艰巨细致的重要工作。可从学习经验、反复论证、把控风险等方面来着手。     

促血管生成素-1基因重组腺病毒载体的构建及鉴定

目的构建携带小鼠促血管生成素-1(Ang-1)基因的重组腺病毒载体并鉴定。方法化学合成小鼠Ang-1基因经PCR扩增后亚克隆至穿梭质粒,重组质粒转化感受态细胞,所得转化子经PCR电泳分析并测序鉴定,携带外源基因的腺病毒穿梭质粒与携带腺病毒大部分基因组的辅助包装质粒共转染人胚肾细胞系HEK 293细胞,反复冻融获取重组腺病毒,终点稀释法测定重组腺病毒滴度,所得腺病毒转染293T细胞48 h收集培养上清,通过Western Blot分析Ang-1蛋白的表达。结果 PCR产物电泳分析可见大小约1.5 kbp的特征性条带,测序结果显示基因序列与Gen Bank提供的Ang-1序列一致,经HEK293细胞包装后腺病毒滴度为1×109pfu/ml,转染293T细胞后培养上清Western Blot分析可见大小58 k D特征性条带,即转染后能分泌正确大小的重组Ang-1蛋白。结论 Ang-1基因重组腺病毒载体可成功构建,为进一步研究Ang-1蛋白对造血干细胞动员及血管新生的作用提供实验依据。     

构建不同筛选特性的HBV X基因真核表达载体

目的:构建不同筛选特性的两个HBV X基因真核表达载体.方法:从质粒pEcob6中PCR扩增HBV X全基因,利用pCEP4和pcDNA3.1( )两者多克隆位点的特点,选用pGEM(R)-T Easy Vector构建中间载体pEasy-X,分别酶切后连接特异性片段构建载体pCEP4-X和pcDNA3.1( )-X.结果:从质粒pEcob6成功PCR扩增出HBV X全基因并克隆至质粒pEasy-X,酶切、PCR及测序均证实真核表达载体质粒pCEP4-X和pcDNA3.1( )-X构建成功.结论:具有不同筛选特性的两个HBVX基因真核表达载体业已成功构建.     

医学生校外实训基地建设的研究探讨

众所周知,医学人才的培养包括理论教学和临床实训,两者相辅相成。医学是一门实践性很强的学科,而临床实训是医学生向临床医生转变的重要环节。实训教学基地是完成实践教学任务的保证,是实施专业实践性教学活动的场所,可以创造一种能够有效促进教与学双向互动的社会交往情景和职业氛围。医学生校外实训基地的建设,一方面可以缓解直属附属教学医院的压力,另一方面可以提高校外实训基地的教学水平。医学生校外临床实训基地有着外在和内在的压力,基地的建设面临着巨大的挑战。本文结合台州市第一人民医院的实训基地建设中存在的问题和一些解决方法,对医学生校外实训基地建设进行研究和探讨,希望对医学生校外实训基地建设能有所帮助。     

某高速公路筑路工人艾滋病知识 态度及行为干预效果评价

目的评价应用健康干预工具包,对在建高速公路筑路工人进行艾滋病(AIDS)知识、态度及行为干预的效果。方法将艾滋病相关知识融入各种游戏中,组成一套互动式的健康干预工具包,使用该工具包对筑路工人开展干预活动,调查分析干预前后目标人群艾滋病相关知识、态度及行为情况。结果筑路工人艾滋病知识总知晓率由干预前的60.0%提高到干预后的75.2%(P<0.05),总体正性态度率由干预前的51.5%提高到干预后的64.7%(P<0.05)。结论应用艾滋病防治干预包对目标人群进行系列干预,可提高目标人群艾滋病相关知识知晓和正性态度。     

Even a rich man can afford that expensive house: ERP responses to construction-based pragmatic constraints during sentence comprehension

A linguistic construction is typically viewed as encoding the pairing of syntactic form and semantic information that is independent of the meaning of constituent words. Here with the event-related potentials (ERPs) we demonstrate that such a construction can also encode pragmatic constraints (event likelihood) that immediately influence online sentence comprehension and the associated neural activity. The lian…dou…construction in Chinese (similar to even in English) normally describes an event of low expectedness (a semantic constraint); it also introduces a pragmatic scale implying that any event with a higher likelihood than the event described must occur (pragmatic inference). By embedding a highly likely event (a rich man buying a house) or an underspecified event (a man buying a house) in the construction, we created an incongruent condition and an underspecified condition and compared both with a control condition in which an event of low expectedness (a poor man buying a house) was described. ERPs on the main verb phrases showed an N400 with a maximum in the right hemisphere followed by a late negativity with an anterior maximum for both the incongruent and underspecified conditions, with a larger N400 effect for the former than for the latter. ERPs on the sentence-final phrases showed a sustained negativity for the incongruent, but not for the underspecified condition. The N400 effect may reflect the increased difficulty in unifying the current event into the lian…dou… construction. The late negativity may reflect a second-pass revision according to the likelihood scale to satisfy the pragmatic constraints of the construction.     

基于扎根理论的发热哨点诊室运行评价指标体系构建研究

背景 2020年3月,上海市卫生健康委提出在基层医疗卫生机构设置发热哨点诊室,以局部应急处置与常态化疫情防控相结合的原则,应对疫情零星散发。 目的 探索并构建一套普适、规范的发热哨点诊室运行评价指标体系。 方法 2021年1—4月,采用目的性抽样法,分别从上海市中心城区、郊区、城郊结合地区选取1家发热哨点诊室,通过实地考察、对来自3家发热哨点诊室的10名工作人员进行两轮半结构化深度访谈,获得原始资料,借助ROST CM6软件整理访谈资料,采用Charmaz建构主义扎根理论的范式分析资料。采用目的抽样法,邀请熟悉发热哨点诊室运行特征的专家（发热哨点诊室管理者、高校研究人员、相关协会学者、卫生发展研究机构人员等）12名作为函询对象,于2021年5—6月采用专家函询法对其进行两轮函询,并运用层次分析法确定各级指标权重、检验各级指标逻辑一致性,最终形成发热哨点诊室运行评价指标体系。 结果 基于扎根理论构建而成的发热哨点诊室运行评价指标体系由5个一级指标、13个二级指标、29个三级指标组成。两轮专家函询问卷的有效回收率均为100.0%,专家权威系数均为0.81,Kendall's W系数分别为0.265（χ2=163.768,P<0.001）、0.320（χ2=130.323,P<0.001）。最终形成的发热哨点诊室运行评价指标体系由5个一级指标（功能和职责、诊室设置要求、人员配备、工作流程和工作规范）、13个二级指标和25个三级指标构成,5个一级指标的权重分别为0.033 7、0.056 4、0.392 6、0.377 8、0.139 5。各层级指标的一致性比率（CR值）为0.056 5、0.032 5、0.042 4（<0.100 0）。 结论 将扎根理论运用于发热哨点诊室运行评价指标体系的构建具有较强的操作性,构建的评价指标体系具有一定的科学性和应用价值。后续随着政策的迭代,可借助扎根理论对评价指标体系进行进一步补充和完善。