腹横纹小切口与传统手术对儿童腹股沟疝的疗效及安全性对比

目的比较腹横纹小切口与传统手术对儿童腹股沟疝的疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析2010年6月至2013年6月,湖北民族学院附属民大医院收治的400例腹股沟疝患儿,随机分为改进组201例,传统组199例。改进组采用腹横纹小切口术,传统组采用传统手术方式。比较二组的手术情况及预后情况。结果改进组的手术时间为（24±5）min,切口长度为（2．1±0．2）cm,术中出血量为（5．3±2．5）ml,平均住院时间为（3±1）d;传统组的手术时间为（46±10）min,切口长度为（3．6±0．3）em,术中出血量为（14．1±3．6）ml,平均住院时间为（7±1）d,以上指标二组比较差异均有统计学意义（t=2．580、1．984、2．347、2．813,P=0．011、0．049、0．019、0．005）。改进组患儿的术后恢复正常活动时间为（3．2±0．4）d,无阴囊血肿,疝复发1例（0．5％）;传统组患儿的术后恢复正常活动时间为（8．7±1．6）d,阴囊血肿9例（4．5％）,疝复发6例（3．0％）二组比较差异均有统计学意义（t=2．213,r=6．617、5．012,P=0．027、0．011、0．026）。结论腹横纹小切口术在儿童腹股沟疝的治疗上取得的效果更好,安全性更高,具有明显的优势,值得在临床上推广和应用。     

针刀治疗腹股沟疝手术后切口疼痛的临床研究

目的：探讨用针刀治疗疝修补术后切口疼痛的可行性。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2013年5月,山西省一○九医院对193例疝手术后切口疼痛的患者分别应用药物治疗、局部阻滞及针刀治疗,观察其疼痛治疗结果。结果三组患者比较,针刀治疗慢性疼痛效果明显优于药物治疗及局部阻滞效果,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝5．765、6．081,P＝0．016、0．014）。结论应用针刀治疗疝修补术后切口疼痛明显有效,可广泛应用于临床。     

完全腹膜外疝修补术与经腹腹膜前疝修补术的临床疗效对比

目的：探讨完全腹膜外疝修补术（TEP）与经腹腹膜前疝修补术（TAPP）的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2013年5月,成都军区昆明总医院收治的腹股沟疝患者216例,均行TAPP或TEP。比较二组患者的手术后疼痛持续时间、并发症及复发情况、住院时间及住院费用。结果 TAPP和TEP组术后疼痛持续时间（｜Z｜＝0．563,P＝0．574）、术后住院时间（｜Z｜＝0．497,P＝0．619）的比较差异均无统计学意义,术后TAPP组复发（对侧复发）1例,TEP组无复发,差异无统计学意义（χ2＝0．718,P＝0．397）;TEP组并发皮下气肿1例,占全部TEP患者总数的1．11％,TAPP组无气肿发生;TAPP组住院费用（8908±611元）低于 TEP组（9123±580元）,差异有统计学意义（F＝24．266,P＝0．003）。结论 TAPP与TEP在临床疗效上无差别,但在住院费用上,TAPP相较比TEP稍少,可依据患者经济水平、意愿以及术者水平等综合选择不同的手术方式。     

Whither Famology? Department Name Trends Across Four Decades

Inconsistent naming of academic departments has been a cause and symptom of an identity issue that has persisted in the family field for decades. Department name trends were examined across nearly four decades to consider whether the family field is beginning to converge on a common label. Results indicate that the problem persists – 103 different names existed among 217 academic units examined – but that convergence seems to be on two terms: family studies and family science. A survey of 752 faculty members in those academic units found that 78% believed the variation in department names within the family field was somewhat or very problematic. Discussion and implications center on key issues for understanding and addressing the problem.     

山东省胶州市吸食新型毒品暗娼梅毒螺旋体、Ⅱ型单纯疱疹病毒感染情况及相关行为学研究

目的 了解山东省胶州市吸食新型毒品暗娼(简称吸毒暗娼)梅毒螺旋体、Ⅱ型单纯疱疹病毒(HSV-2)感染情况及相关行为学状况.方法 2013年10-12月,采用方便抽样法招募胶州市暗娼人群,通过匿名现场问卷收集调查对象一般人口学资料、新型毒品滥用及性行为相关信息等,收集静脉血进行梅毒螺旋体和HSV-2检测,并对调查对象采集尿样进行尿甲基苯丙胺检测.对吸毒暗娼与不吸毒暗娼的人口学特征差异、性行为特征以及梅毒螺旋体、HSV-2感染情况等差异进行t检验、x2检验等统计学分析.结果 在460名暗娼中,105名暗娼承认吸食过新型毒品;收集研究对象尿样341份,尿样检测阳性者中有3名自我报告未曾吸食过新型毒品.新型毒品吸食率为23.5％(108/460).71.4％(75/105)的吸毒暗娼第1次吸毒年龄小于25岁,吸食新型毒品的原因主要有客人要求(24名,占22.9％)、挣钱多(23名,占21.9％)和同伴诱使(22名,占21.0％);41.9％(44/105)的吸毒暗娼平常和4～5人一起吸毒,32.4％(34/105)在吸毒后与2～3人发生性行为.吸毒暗娼最近1次商业性行为安全套使用率为60.2％(65/108),而仅有7.4％(8/108)的吸毒暗娼在最近1个月商业性行为中每次均使用安全套.与不吸毒暗娼相比,吸毒暗娼未婚比例更高[73.2％(79/108),63.6％(224/352),x2=8.64,P＜0.05],多来自于中高档场所[78.7％ (85/108),65.1％(229/352)](x2=13.09,P＜0.01),最近1个月安全套的使用率较低[7.4％ (8/108),22.7％(80/352)] (x2=12.53,P＜0.01),最近6个月的怀孕率明显高于不吸毒的暗娼[24.1％ (26/108),8.8％ (31/352)](x2=17.74,P＜0.01).吸毒暗娼中梅毒螺旋体感染率为12.0％(13/108),HSV-2感染率为55.6％(60/108);并有33名暗娼自述在最近1年中曾被诊断患有STD (30.6％).吸毒暗娼梅毒螺旋体感染率[12.0％ (13/108),4.0％ (14/352)](x2=9.72,P＜ 0.01)、HSV-2感染率[55.6％ (60/108),39.2％ (138/352)](x2=9.01,P＜0.01)和最近1年被诊断患有STD的比例[30.6％ (33/108),17.9％ (63/352)](x2=8.02,P＜0.01)均高于不吸毒暗娼.结论 山东省胶州市暗娼新型毒品吸食率较高,高危性行为普遍,梅毒螺旋体、HSV-2感染率明显高于不吸毒暗娼,并且她们对于新型毒品危害认识不足.     

病例-病例-时间-对照设计

自身病例对照设计(如病例交叉设计、自身对照病例系列研究)虽然能控制不随时间变化的混杂因素(可测量或不可测量的)的影响,但是不能控制暴露时间变化趋势所带来的混杂.双向病例交叉设计可以控制暴露时间变化趋势.但是在药物流行病学的研究中,疾病状态通常影响后续的药物使用,因此这种双向病例交叉设计往往不适用.Suissa 提出的病例-时间-对照设计将病例交叉设计和病例对照设计相结合,很好地控制了暴露的时间变化趋势所带来的偏倚.但是当病例组和对照组不能良好地匹配时,可能会引入新的选择偏倚.本文介绍一种新的研究设计方法“病例-病例-时间-对照设计”,该研究设计是“病例-时间-对照设计”的衍生,即在选择对照组时并不采用外部对照,而是将未来病例作为当前病例的对照,从而避免了暴露的时间趋势所带来的混杂.文后还通过实例分析,对此方法的优点和局限性进行阐释.     

两孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术40例体会

目的：探讨两孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术在临床上的应用。方法收集2011年3月至2012年3月接受腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者随访资料,回顾性分析两孔法40例患者,三孔法50例患者资料,对比两组患者的疗效。数据用SPSS20．0进行分析,两组手术时间、术后排气时间、住院时间、下床时间、采用t检验;术后疼痛情况、术后患者满意度、术后并发症采用卡方检验,且以P值小于0．05具有统计学意义。结果90例腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者均顺利完成手术且无并发症发生。两孔法手术时间（41±12．3） min比三孔法（48±15．88） min短,差异有统计学意义（t＝2．357, P＝0．036）。两孔法与三孔法术后肛门排气时间（1．2±0．22） d 比（1．9±0．17） d、术后首次下床活动时间（1．2±0．22） d 比（1．9±0．17） d、术后住院天数（3．8±0．85） d 比（5．1±0．71） d,均比三孔法有优势,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。术后疼痛评分为0分者两孔法组有22例（55．0％）,三孔法组仅有13例（26．0％）;疼痛评分介于7～10分之间的患者两孔法组有4例（10．0％）,三孔法组有8例（16．0％）,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（u＝2．552, P＝0．010）。满意度评分两孔法组5分者有14例（35．0％）,三孔法组有8例（16．0％）,两组比较差异有统计学意义（u＝2．428, P＝0．015）。结论两孔法患者较三孔法患者疼痛明显减轻、术后满意度好,值得推广。     

Risk Factors for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Commercial Layer Chicken Farms in Bangladesh During 2011

A case–control study conducted during 2011 involved 90 randomly selected commercial layer farms infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza type A subtype H5N1 (HPAI) and 175 control farms randomly selected from within 5 km of infected farms. A questionnaire was designed to obtain information about potential risk factors for contracting HPAI and was administered to farm owners or managers. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify significant risk factors. A total of 20 of 43 risk factors for contracting HPAI were identified after univariable logistic regression analysis. A multivariable logistic regression model was derived by forward stepwise selection. Both unmatched and matched analyses were performed. The key risk factors identified were numbers of staff, frequency of veterinary visits, presence of village chickens roaming on the farm and staff trading birds. Aggregating these findings with those from other studies resulted in a list of 16 key risk factors identified in Bangladesh. Most of these related to biosecurity. It is considered feasible for Bangladesh to achieve a very low incidence of HPAI. Using the cumulative list of risk factors to enhance biosecurity pertaining to commercial farms would facilitate this objective.     

WJD 5~(th) Anniversary Special Issues(2): Type 2 diabetes Genetic polymorphisms of cytokine genes in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a combined metabolic disorder which includes hyperglycemia,dyslipidemia,stroke and several other complications.Various groups all over the world are relentlessly working out the possible role of a vast number of genes associated with type 2 diabetes(T2DM).Inflammation is an important outcome of any kind of imbalance in the body and is therefore an indicator of several diseases,including T2DM.Various ethnic populations around the world show different levels of variations in single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs).The present review was undertaken to explore the association of cytokine gene polymorphisms with T2DM in populations of different ethnicities.This will lead to the understanding of the role of cytokine genes in T2DM risk and development.Association studies of genotypes of SNPs present in cytokine genes will help to identify risk haplotype(s)for disease susceptibility by developing prognostic markers and alter treatment strategies for T2DM and related complications.This will enable individuals at risk to take prior precautionary measures and avoid or delay the onset of the disease.Future challenges will be to understand the genotypic interactions between SNPs in one cytokine gene or several genes at different loci and study their association with T2DM.