Efficacy and safety of,and patient satisfaction with,colonoscopic-administered fecal microbiota transplantation in relapsing and refractory community- and hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection

OBJECTIVE:

To report the efficacy and safety of, and patient satisfaction with, colonoscopic fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for community- and hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection (CDI).

METHODS:

A retrospective medical records review of patients who underwent FMT between July 1, 2012 and August 31, 2013 was conducted. A total of 22 FMTs were performed on 20 patients via colonoscopy. The patients were divided into ‘community-acquired’ and ‘hospital-acquired’ CDI. Telephone surveys were conducted to determine procedure outcome and patient satisfaction. Primary cure rate was defined as resolution of diarrhea without recurrence within three months of FMT, whereas secondary cure rate described patients who experienced resolution of diarrhea and return of normal bowel function after a second course of FMT.

RESULTS:

Nine patients met the criteria for community-acquired CDI whereas 11 were categorized as hospital-acquired CDI. A female predominance in the community-acquired group (88.89% [eight of nine]) was found (P=0.048). The primary cure rate was 100% (nine of nine) and 81.8% (nine of 11 patients) in community- and hospital-acquired CDI groups, respectively (P=0.189). Two patients in the hospital-acquired group had to undergo a repeat FMT for persistent symptomatic infection; the secondary cure rate was 100%. During the six-month follow-up, all patients were extremely satisfied with the procedure and no complications or adverse events were reported.

CONCLUSION:

FMT was a highly successful and very acceptable treatment modality for treating both community- and hospital-acquired CDI.     

Clinical validation of expert consensus statements for respiratory physiotherapy management of invasively ventilated adults with community-acquired pneumonia: A qualitative study

ObjectivesTo conduct multidisciplinary peer-review of expert consensus statements for respiratory physiotherapy for invasively ventilated adults with community-acquired pneumonia, to determine clinical acceptability for development into a clinical practice guideline.Research methodologyA qualitative study was undertaken using focus groups (n = 3) conducted with clinician representatives from five Australian states. Participants were senior intensive care physiotherapists, nurses and consultants. Thematic analysis was used, with a deductive approach to confirm clinical validity, and inductive analysis to identify new themes relevant to the application of the 38 statements into practice.SettingAdult intensive care.FindingsSenior intensive care clinicians from physiotherapy (n = 16), medicine (n = 6) and nursing (n = 4) participated. All concurred that the consensus statements added valuable guidance to practice; twenty-nine (76%) were deemed relevant and applicable for the intensive care setting without amendment, with modifications suggested for remaining nine statements to enhance utility. Overarching themes of patient safety, teamwork and communication and culture were identified as factors influencing clinical application. Cultural differences in practice, particularly related to patient positioning, was evident between jurisdictions. Participants raised practicality and safety concerns for two statements related to the use of head-down patient positioning.ConclusionMultidisciplinary peer-review established clinical validity of expert consensus statements for implementation with invasively ventilated adults with community-acquired pneumonia.     

Outcome prediction value of National Early Warning Score in septic patients with community-acquired pneumonia in emergency department: A single-center retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND:To evaluate the accuracy of National Early Warning Score (NEWS) in predicting clinical outcomes (28-day mortality, intensive care unit [ICU] admission, and mechanical ventilation use) for septic patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) compared with other commonly used severity scores (CURB65, Pneumonia Severity Index [PSI], Sequential Organ Failure Assessment [SOFA], quick SOFA [qSOFA], and Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis [MEDS]) and admission lactate level.     

军团菌肺炎的临床诊治进展

军团菌是引起散发和流行性社区获得性肺炎的主要病原之一。军团菌病的临床表现不特异,目前的诊断方法都具有一定的局限性。军团菌肺炎的病死率和敏感抗生素使用的时机有关。大环内酯类和氟喹诺酮类抗生素均可用于严重感染。本文针对军团菌肺炎的危险因素、临床表现、诊断、治疗和预后方面的进展进行了阐述。     

凝血状况对社区获得性肺部感染患者病情影响的研究

目的：探讨凝血状况对社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者病情评估的价值。方法选取2014年4月至2016年2月期间我院接诊的168例 CAP 患者为研究对象,归为观察组,再根据1∶1的配对比例选取同期来我院体检的168例健康成人作为对照组。并根据肺炎严重程度指数(PSI)将观察组患者分为中高风险组(n =63)和低风险组(n =105)。比较各组的凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化的部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原(Fib)、血小板(PLT)、D-二聚体(DD)等指标,采用简单线性相关分析各凝血指标与肺炎严重程度指数(PSI)评分的相关性,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价各凝血指标及 PSI 评分对 CAP 患者死亡的预测价值。结果共有15例(8.9%)患者因 CAP 或并发症死亡。观察组的 PT、APTT、Fib、PLT、DD 均显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。中高风险组的血 PT、APTT、TT、DD 水平及 PT、DD 的异常率均显著高于低危组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。简单线性相关分析结果表明 DD 与 PSI 评分呈显著正相关(r =0.508,P <0.01),而 PT、APTT、TT、Fib、PLT 等与 PSI 评分无显著相关性(r =0.143、0.106、0.129、0.085、0.098,P 值均>0.05)。ROC 曲线分析结果表明 PT、DD、PSI 评分在预测 CAP 的生存状况方面的 AUC 分别为0.552(95% CI 0.461~0.646,P >0.05)、0.916(95% CI 0.883~0.956,P <0.01)、0.889(95% CI 0.842~0.931,P <0.01)。结论 CAP 可以引起凝血功能的紊乱,DD 与其病情严重程度密切相关,可作为患者病情评估和预后预测的重要指标。     

社区获得性肺炎患儿鼻咽部病原年龄分布特点

目的 探讨不同年龄社区获得性肺炎患儿鼻咽部病原学特点．以指导临床诊断和治疗。方法 1100例肺炎患儿于入院首日负压吸取鼻咽部痰标本，分别采用单克隆抗体桥联酶标法（APAAP）、聚合酶链反应（PCR）及细菌培养方法检测常见儿童呼吸道感染的病毒、肺炎支原体（MP）、肺炎衣原体（CP）-DNA和细菌。结果 ①随着年龄的增长，肺炎患儿鼻咽部病原检出的阳性率明显降低，提示负压吸引法采集标本更适合年幼患儿的鼻咽部病原检查，年长患儿的依从性较差；②呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）和副流感病毒（PIV）1，3是1岁以下婴儿主要的病毒种类，小于6月龄的肺炎患儿鼻咽部易检出大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌，这些细菌具有高耐药性的特点。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs菌株均超过50％，而金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌耐苯唑西林菌株占22％和75％，而大于6月龄的患儿，多见流感嗜血杆菌、卡他莫拉菌和肺炎链球菌等。结论 鼻咽部病原检查，对于小年龄社区获得性肺炎患儿有较高的病原阳性率；不同年龄阶段患儿的病原种类及细菌的耐药性各具特点。     

痰液降钙素原检测在儿童社区获得性肺炎中的应用

目的探讨痰液降钙素原(PCT)检测在儿童社区获得性肺炎病原学诊断中的作用。方法儿童社区获得性肺炎患儿120例,用一次性吸痰管吸取深部痰液标本,采用免疫色谱法测定PCT。结果细菌性肺炎组痰液中PCT水平明显高于支原体肺炎组和病毒性肺炎组(P<0.01)。支原体肺炎组痰液中PCT值轻度增加,与病毒性肺炎组比较差异虽有统计学意义(P<0.05),但诊断价值不明显。3组痰液PCT阳性检出率均略高于血清PCT和C反应蛋白(CRP),但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论痰液是临床检测最易得的标本,痰液PCT的检测可作为社区获得性细菌性肺炎的辅助诊断,检测快速、方便,对指导临床早期、合理使用抗菌药物具有重要意义。     

Clinical Efficacy and Safety of a Short Regimen of Azithromycin Sequential Therapy vs Standard Cefuroxime Sequential Therapy in the Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia: An International,Randomized, Open-Label Study

Abstract

An international, randomized, open-label, comparative study was undertaken in order to assess the efficacy and safety of azithromycin and cefuroxime, short sequential vs standard sequential therapy, respectively, in the treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). 180 adult patients were included in the study. 89 patients received azithromycin 500 mg intravenously (i.v.) once daily for 1-4 days followed by azithromycin 500 mg orally once daily for 3 days. 91 patients received cefuroxime 1.5 g i.v. three times daily for 1-4 days followed by cefuroxime axetil 500 mg orally twice daily for 7 days. Clinical efficacy was achieved in 67/82 (81.7%) patients treated with azithromycin, and in 73/89 (82.0%) patients treated with cefuroxime. The mean duration of total (i.v. and oral) therapy was significantly shorter for the azithromycin group than for the cefuroxime group (6.2 days vs 10.1 days). Adverse events were recorded in 38.2% of patients treated with azithromycin, and in 29.7% of patients treated with cefuroxime (p = 0.20). Shorter sequential i.v.-to-oral azithromycin therapy of patients with CAP was as effective as standard sequential i.v.-to-oral cefuroxime therapy.