社区获得性肺炎患者联合监测肺炎支原体与肺炎衣原体的临床意义

目的 探讨联合监测肺炎支原体(Mp)和肺炎衣原体(Cp)对社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者的临床意义.方法 选取2012年2月至2014年10月我院收治的CAP患者1 580例,监测患者咽拭子标本中Mp、Cp,培养并鉴定其主要病原菌,比较不同抗感染方案的疗效.结果 CAP病原体以Mp (30.0%)、肺炎链球菌(15.9%)、流感嗜血杆菌(12.9%)、Cp (10.1%)比例最高,且同时合并2种病原体感染者较为多见(10.1%);治疗中β-内酰胺类药物使用频率最高(76.71%);β-内酰胺类联合大环内酯类或联合氟喹诺酮类药物对CAP治愈率(66.72%)显著高于单独应用β-内酰胺类药物治疗(56.73%,P<0.01);单用β-内酰胺类药物治疗与应用β-内酰胺类联合氟喹诺酮类(65.4%)或大环内酯类药物(68.5%)对单纯Mp或Cp感染CAP治愈率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),而在细菌合并Mp或Cp感染时,联合用药治愈率(69.7%)明显高于单用β-内酰胺类药物(44.4%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 CAP患者感染Mp与Cp较多见,β-内酰胺类药物是常用治疗药物,β-内酰胺类联合大环内酯类或氟喹诺酮类药物可提高患者治愈率,Mp与Cp联合检测对于敏感抗生素的选择及疗效的提高具有重要临床意义.     

Is gentamicin safe and effective for severe community-acquired pneumonia? An 8-year retrospective cohort study

Gram-negative bacilli are the causative organisms in a significant proportion of patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Clinical guidelines recommend broad-spectrum antimicrobials for empirical treatment despite alarming global trends in antimicrobial resistance. In this study, we aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of gentamicin, an aminoglycoside with potent bactericidal activity, for empirical Gram-negative coverage of severe CAP in patients admitted to the ICU. A retrospective cohort study was performed at a university teaching hospital where the severe CAP guideline recommends penicillin, azithromycin and gentamicin as empirical cover. Ceftriaxone plus azithromycin is used as an alternative. Adults with radiologically-confirmed severe CAP were included, comparing those who received gentamicin in the first 72?h of admission with those who did not. Participants were identified using ICD-10 codes for bacterial pneumonia and data manually extracted from electronic medical records. Of 148 patients admitted with severe pneumonia, 117 were given at least one dose of gentamicin whereas the remaining 31 were not. The two groups were well matched in terms of demographics, co-morbidities and disease severity. There were no significant differences between the gentamicin and no-gentamicin groups in the incidence of acute kidney injury [60/117 (51%) vs. 16/31 (52%), respectively], hospital mortality [20/117 (17%) vs. 7/31 (23%)] and secondary outcomes including relapse and length of hospital stay. In conclusion, gentamicin is safe and has similar outcomes to alternative Gram-negative antimicrobial regimens for empirical coverage in severe CAP patients admitted to the ICU.     

Incidence of all-cause adult community-acquired pneumonia in primary care settings in France

Objectives

To estimate the incidence of all-cause outpatient community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults in France from a national prospective observational study of CAP management in general practice (CAPA).

1788例社区获得性肺炎非细菌性病原体分布特征分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨社区获得性肺炎患儿非细菌性病原体分布特点。方法回顾性选取2021年12月—2022年11月于沈阳市儿童医院住院的社区获得性肺炎患儿1788例,运用多重RT-PCR与毛细电泳联用技术对10种病毒病原体及2种非典型病原体进行检测,同时抽取静脉血行肺炎衣原体、肺炎支原体血清学抗体检测,分析不同病原体的分布特征。结果(1)1788例社区获得性肺炎患儿病原体阳性率为72.43%(1295/1788),其中病毒病原体阳性率为59.68%(1067/1788),非典型病原体阳性率为22.04%(394/1788)。阳性率由高到低依次为肺炎支原体、呼吸道合胞病毒、流感病毒B、偏肺病毒、鼻病毒、副流感病毒、流感病毒A、博卡病毒、腺病毒、肺炎衣原体、冠状病毒。(2)季节分布:春季以呼吸道合胞病毒、肺炎支原体为主要病原体;夏季以肺炎支原体阳性率最高,其次为流感病毒A;秋季偏肺病毒阳性率最高;冬季主要为流感病毒B、呼吸道合胞病毒。(3)性别、年龄分布:肺炎支原体阳性率女孩高于男孩(P<0.05),其他病原体性别比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。部分病原体在不同年龄组间的阳性率不同(P<0.05):肺炎支原体阳性率在>6岁组最高;呼吸道合胞病毒和肺炎衣原体阳性率在<1岁组最高;偏肺病毒、流感病毒B阳性率在1~<3岁组最高。(4)疾病分布:重症肺炎患儿以呼吸道合胞病毒、肺炎支原体、鼻病毒、偏肺病毒为主;大叶性肺炎患儿的病原体主要为肺炎支原体;急性支气管肺炎前5位病原体为肺炎支原体、流感病毒B、偏肺病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、鼻病毒。结论肺炎支原体、呼吸道合胞病毒、流感病毒B、偏肺病毒、鼻病毒为儿童社区获得性肺炎的主要病原体,呼吸道病原体阳性率在不同年龄阶段、季节和性别间存在一定差异。     

570例儿童社区获得性肺炎致病菌及耐药情况的分析

目的了解儿童社区获得性肺炎常见病原菌分布及耐药情况,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对570例儿童社区获得性肺炎的痰标本进行培养并做药敏试验。结果 570例标本共检出致病菌224株,总阳性率为39.3%,其中革兰阳性菌、革兰阴性菌分别占28.2%、71.8%。主要致病菌依次为肺炎克雷伯菌47株、大肠埃希菌25株、产酸克雷伯菌18株、表皮葡萄球菌18株、中间葡萄球菌14株、金黄色葡萄球菌12株。肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌、产酸克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)阳性率分别为:59.6%(28/47)、64%(16/25)、55.6%(10/18)。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌MRSA为0%,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌株(MRCON)52.9%(27/51)。前3位革兰阴性菌对哌拉西林他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星敏感度高,对氨苄西林耐药率达100%;对头孢类(除头孢西丁外)及氨曲南耐药率几乎均超过50%。金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素均耐药。表皮葡萄球菌的耐药性明显高于金黄色葡萄球菌。结论儿童社区获得性肺炎致病菌以革兰阴性菌为主,主要病原菌有较强耐药性。加强细菌监测分析,有利于指导临床合理用药及对多重耐药菌的管理。     

降钙素原监测在老年非重症社区获得性肺炎抗生素治疗中的指导作用

目的探讨血清降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)对接受门诊治疗的老年非重症社区获得性肺炎(community-acquired pneumonia)患者的抗生素使用指导意义。方法选择接受门诊治疗的老年非重症CAP患者55例,分为PCT监测组28例,对照组27例。入组患者均监测血清PCT水平,对照组根据我国CAP治疗指南选择抗生素治疗方案;PCT组在血清PCT≥0.25μg/L时使用抗生素治疗,PCT<0.25μg/L时不予抗生素治疗,复诊时亦按照此标准决定是否继续使用抗生素。比较上述两组治疗两周后临床指标、治疗费用、抗生素使用时间及分布的差异。结果两组治疗后各临床指标的恢复无明显差异(P>0.05),PCT组抗生素使用时间低于对照组(P<0.05),抗生素使用分布上明显优于对照组(P<0.05),同时治疗费用也低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论老年非重症CAP患者可以依据PCT水平指导抗生素应用,能够缩短抗生素疗程,降低治疗费用。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病伴社区获得性肺炎60例病原菌及其耐药性分析

目的 对COPD伴社区获得性肺炎病原菌和耐药情况进行分析,为临床合理用药提供依据.方法 对60例COPD伴社区获得性肺炎患者的痰液标本进行病原菌检测和药敏性试验.结果 病原菌以肺炎链球菌为主24例（40％）,其次为肺炎克雷伯菌10例（13.3％）、流感嗜血杆菌8例（16.7％）、肺炎支原体6例（8.3％）、甲型溶血性链球菌5例（6.7％）、金黄色葡萄球菌4例（3.3％）、嗜肺军团菌2例（3.3％）、其它1例（1.67％）;药敏试验显示革兰阴性菌具有较高的耐药率.流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌、嗜肺军团菌体对青霉素具有较高的耐药率.肺炎支原体、肺炎克雷伯菌对阿奇霉素表现出一定的耐药率.金黄色葡萄球菌、甲型溶血性链球菌对头孢噻吩表现出耐药性.结论 COPD伴社区获得性肺炎患者感染病菌情况主要以革兰阴性菌抗生素耐药较为严重.在之后的临床使用抗生素选择其它类的抗生素,提高临床药物抗菌疗效.     

Atypical pneumonia: Pathophysiology,diagnosis, and treatment

Atypical pneumonia is caused by atypical pathogens that are not detectable with Gram stain and cannot be cultured using standard methods. The most common causative organisms of atypical pneumonia are Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Legionella species. The therapeutic approach for atypical pneumonias is different than that for typical pneumonia. Typical bacterial pathogens classically respond to β-lactam antimicrobial therapy because they have a cell wall amenable to β-lactam disruption. On the contrary, most atypical pathogens do not have a bacterial cell wall, some are intracellular (e.g., Legionella), and some are paracellular (e.g., M. pneumoniae). To prevent an increase in the number of antimicrobial-resistant strains, the Japanese pneumonia guidelines have proposed a differential diagnosis for typical bacterial pneumonia and atypical pneumonia to select an appropriate antibiotic for the management of mild-to-moderate pneumonia. The guidelines have set up six parameters and criteria based on the clinical symptoms, physical signs, and laboratory data. However, in the elderly individuals and patients with underlying diseases, the differential diagnosis may be difficult or a mixed infection may be latent. Therefore, in these individuals, the administration of a β-lactam drug plus a macrolide or tetracycline, or only fluoroquinolone should be considered from the beginning to cover bacterial and atypical pneumonia.     

Mortality and risk factor analysis for Candida blood stream infection: A multicenter study

Candida blood stream infection (candidemia) is severe systemic infection mainly develops after intensive medical cares. The mortality of candidemia is affected by the underlying conditions, causative agents and the initial management. We retrospectively analyzed mortality-related risk factors in cases of candidemia between April 2011 and March 2016 in five regional hospitals in Japan. We conducted bivariate and multivariate analysis of factors including causative Candida species, patients' predisposing conditions, and treatment strategies, such as empirically selected antifungal drug and time to appropriate antifungal treatment, to elucidate their effects on 30-day mortality. The study enrolled 289 cases of candidemia in adults. Overall 30-day mortality was 27.7%. Forty-nine cases (17.0%) were community-acquired. Bivariate analysis found advanced age, high Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, and prior antibiotics use as risk factors for high mortality; however community-acquired candidemia, C. parapsilosis candidemia, obtaining follow-up blood culture, and empiric treatment with fluconazole were associated with low mortality. Logistic regression revealed age ≥65 years (adjusted odds ratio, 2.13) and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score ≥6 (6.30) as risk factors for 30-day mortality. In contrast, obtaining follow-up blood culture (0.38) and empiric treatment with fluconazole (0.32) were found to be protective factors. The cases with candidemia in associated with advanced age and poor general health conditions should be closely monitored. Obtaining follow-up blood culture contributed to an improved prognosis.     

肺炎支原体对抗菌药物敏感性及对大环内酯类的耐药机制研究

目的了解成人及青少年社区获得性肺炎(CAP)中肺炎支原体(MP)感染状况及其对常用抗菌药物的敏感性,明确MP对大环内酯类的耐药机制。方法 2010年10月-2012年3月129例CAP患者取急性期咽拭子标本进行肺炎支原体分离培养,应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)对临床分离株进行分子鉴定;采用微量稀释法测定肺炎支原体对大环内酯类、喹诺酮类及四环素类抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC);对大环内酯类耐药株进行23S rRNA基因测序,并与标准菌株MPFH(ATCC 15531)基因序列对比分析。结果 129例CAP患者咽拭子标本中共分离肺炎支原体20株,分离率15.50%;对四环素类及氟喹诺酮类敏感性较好,对大环内酯类抗菌药物均耐药,耐药机制均为23SrRNA基因2063位点由A突变为G。结论肺炎支原体对大环内酯类抗菌药物耐药形式严峻,23SrRNA基因位点突变是耐药性产生的主要机制。