临床护士对造口认知的现状调查分析

目的 了解临床护理人员对造口的认知现状.方法 对于随机抽取的180名临床护理人员采用自行设计的问卷进行调查.结果 临床护理人员对于造口基础知识的自评总平均分48.94±0.835,等级属差;测评造口并发症总平均分为63.06±0.889,等级属良;造口相关行为测评总平均分为18.06±0.726,自评等级低于测评等级(P＜0.05).不同民族、年龄、职称护理人员对造口知识的自评分值和测评分值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);不同科室护士对造口基础知识及造口并发症知识的自评分值存在差异(P＜0.05),且外科＞内科＞儿科.结论 临床护理人员对造口的认知还处于较低的水平,应加强临床护理人员造口知识的培训,采用有效的方式或途径,提供新技术、新进展、改善造口护理实践以提高造口护理质量.从而提升造口患者生活质量水平.     

回肠袢式造口术和结肠造口术治疗老年梗阻性乙状结肠癌的临床观察

目的 探讨回肠袢式造口术和结肠造口术治疗老年梗阻性乙状结肠癌的效果.方法 将70例老年梗阻性乙状结肠癌患者随机分为研究组和对照组,各35例.研究组患者给予回肠袢式造口术,对照组患者给予结肠造口术,观察2组患者的临床疗效及安全性.结果 研究组的治疗有效率为77.14%,对照组为65.71%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);研究组的控制率为94.29%,高于对照组的85.71%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).Ⅰ期手术时2组患者手术时间、住院时间差异不大,但研究组患者禁食时间显著少于对照组(P<0.05);Ⅱ期手术研究组患者手术时间、禁食时间、住院时间均显著少于对照组,组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).2组患者分期手术过程中并发症的发生率差异不大(P>0.05).结论 对老年梗阻性乙状结肠癌患者使用回肠袢式造口术治疗相对于结肠造口术来说有较大的优势,利于老年患者康复,可推广使用.     

热带地区女性肠造口者生存质量及其影响因素分析

目的 调查热带地区女性肠造口患者的生存质量并探讨其影响因素.方法 利用调查问卷对近三年来在我院进行肠造口术的112例女性患者（含18例直肠癌患者）的生存质量进行研究,并对其年龄、婚姻状况、文化程度、造口类型、疾病类型等一般资料进行单因素分析.同时采用诠释学方法对18例因直肠癌而施行肠造口术的患者进行质性研究.结果 暂时肠造口、已婚、非直肠癌及生活可自理患者的生活质量相对较高,其差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.直肠癌患者质性研究结果表明该类患者具有对自我存在价值的否定、对情感支持的渴求和对社会及他人的支持和理解的渴求.结论 疾病类型、造口类型、居住方式及婚姻状况均可影响热带地区女性肠造口患者生存质量,而直肠癌肠造口患者生存质量的影响因素主要来自心理因素,需要进行更深入的健康教育及心理疏导.     

Low incidence of enterocolitis and colonic mucosal inflammation in Norwegian patients with Hirschsprung’s disease

Background  Hirschsprung’s disease (HD) may be associated with inflammation in the colon. Further, the etiology of Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HEC) is unclear. To learn more about these features, we examined our cohort of HD patients during a period of 6 years for inflammation in their colonic mucosa as well as for signs of HEC. Materials and methods  Rectal suction biopsies and operative full thickness aganglionic and ganglionic colonic specimens from 36 patients were examined. Signs of inflammation were recorded in hematoxylin/eosin/saffron (HES)-stained sections and with fluorescence conjugated polyclonal antibodies to IgA and IgG applied on serial sections. The suction biopsies were also evaluated for the presence of mucus inspissation and crypt dilatation. Clinical signs of HEC were recorded from medical files of the same 36 patients. Results  HES-staining revealed that seven patients had inflammation in the suction biopsies; these patients were significantly older than the patients without inflammation. Slight mucus inspissation was identified in suction biopsies of five out of 33 patients, but crypt abscesses or ulcerations were not found in any specimens. Virtually all very young patients (<3 months) had slight crypt dilatation. We identified inflammation in resected colonic segments from 17 out of 36 patients. Thirteen of these 17 had a diverting colostomy, and only one out of 14 patients with colostomy had no inflammation. Inflammatory changes were similar in ganglionic and aganglionic bowel. By immunofluorescence (IF) staining, inflammation was found in resected colonic segments from five patients. Four of these had a colostomy. HEC was diagnosed in three patients, and inflammation detected in resected specimens from only one of these three. Conclusions  We have not been able to identify particular characteristics in the colonic or rectal mucosa that are linked to development of HEC. Inflammation in the resected specimen was mainly found in patients with a diverting colostomy, and then in both ganglionic and aganglionic colon. I. N. Farstad and R. Emblem contributed equally. All experiments done in this study comply with the current laws in Norway.     

92例直肠癌Mile’s术后造口并发症的护理

目的分析92例直肠癌Mile’s术后乙状结肠造口并发症的起因,总结针对性护理措施。方法对92例结肠造口术后并发症的起因进行回顾性调查分析并进行针对性的观察护理。结果92例结肠造口术患者共出现20例并发症（21.7%）,其中造口肠回缩2例（10%）; 造口狭窄6例（30%）; 造口周围皮肤损害7例（35%）; 腹泻2例（10%）; 造口出血水肿2例（10%）; 造口肠管缺血坏死1例（5%）。结论指导患者缓解心理压力、稳定情绪,严密监护造口肠道段血运和排便功能,对可能出现的并发症采取及时有效的护理,是促进结肠造口患者术后康复的重要环节。     

Morbidity reduction employing a semi-standardized protocol

To evaluate a semi-standardized protocol for colostomy closure, the cases of 166 consecutive patients from 1974 through 1981 were analyzed retrospectively. There were 17 complications (17/166); overall morbidity rate was 2.4 per cent. A significantly increased incidence of major morbidity and septic complications was associated with colostomies closed at an interval of less than 8.5 weeks from formation (P≤0.001). Simple transverse closure of colostomy versus resection and end-to-end anastomosis did not result in increased morbidity (P≤0.1). The wound infection rate was 1.2 per cent (2/166) with 135/166 wounds closed primarily, or primarily over a subcutaneous drain, thus rendering primary wound closure safe and desirable Read at the annual meeting of the Southern Medical Association, Atlanta, Georgia, October 30, 1982.     

The role of colostomy in the management of anorectal malformations

The role of the colostomy in the definitive correction of anorectal malformations is controversial with regard no only to indications for its use, but also to location and type. We reviewed the records of 272 patients with 307 colostomies and analyzed the frequency of complications related to these controversial points. There were 250 completely divided and 57 loop colostomies, constructed in either the sigmoid or transverse colon. Twenty-five colostomies were associated with complications that included retraction, stenosis, dehiscence, prolapse, infection, bowel obstruction, sepsis, and death. Twelve additional colostomies were placed in positions that impeded the definitive correction of the malformation: 9 sigmoidostomies were too distal and 3 were located in the right-upper abdominal quadrant and did not permit pull-through without tension. Colostomy prolapse and pull-through infection were statistically less likely with a completely diverting colostomy. Thirty-five patients with rectovestibular malformations were encountered in this series. Ten were referred from other institutions after attempted repair without a colostomy and all 10 had complications of infection, dehiscence, retraction, and reopening of the fistula. In contrast, there were no complications in the remaining 25, in whom the repair was preceded by a colostomy, nor after re-repair of the other 10. These findings support the need for a colostomy prior to the repair of this malformation. We recommend a carefully constructed, high, completely diverting sigmoid colostomy prior to the initial definitive repair of anorectal malformations. A right transverse colostomy is preferable preceding redo operations.     

Fecal continence following complex anorectal trauma in children

Background

Complex injuries involving the anus and rectum are uncommon in children. We sought to examine long-term fecal continence following repair of these injuries.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review using our trauma registry from 2003 to 2012 of children with traumatic injuries to the anus or rectum at a level I pediatric trauma center. Patients with an injury requiring surgical repair that involved the anal sphincters and/or rectum were selected for a detailed review.

Results

Twenty-one patients (21/13,149 activations, 0.2%) who had an injury to the anus (n = 9), rectum (n = 8), or destructive injury to both the anus and rectum (n = 4) were identified. Eleven (52%) patients were male, and the median age at time of injury was 9 (range 1–14) years. Penetrating trauma accounted for 48% of injuries. Three (14%) patients had accompanying injury to the urinary tract, and 6 (60%) females had vaginal injuries. All patients with an injury involving the rectum and destructive anal injuries were managed with fecal diversion. No patient with an isolated anal injury underwent fecal diversion. Four (19%) patients developed wound infections. The majority (90%) of patients were continent at last follow-up. One patient who sustained a gunshot injury to the pelvis with sacral nerve involvement is incontinent, but remains artificially clean on an intense bowel management program with enemas, and one patient with a destructive crush injury still has a colostomy.

Conclusions

With anatomic reconstruction of the anal sphincter mechanism, most patients with traumatic anorectal injuries will experience long-term fecal continence. Follow-up is needed as occasionally these patients, specifically those with nerve or crush injury, may require a formal bowel management program.     

Colostomy in anorectal malformations: a procedure with serious but preventable complications

Purpose

Colostomy for patients with anorectal malformations decompresses an obstructed colon, avoids fecal contamination of the urinary tract, and protects a future perineal operation. The procedure is associated with several significant complications.

Materials and Methods

The medical records of 1700 cases of anorectal malformations were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 230 patients underwent reconstruction without a colostomy. Of the remaining 1470 patients, 1420 had their colostomy performed at another institution (group A) and 50 did at our institution (group B) using a specific technique with separated stomas in the descending colon.

Results

There were 616 complications identified in 464 patients of group A and in 4 patients in group B, an incidence of 33% vs 8% (P < .01). Complications in group A were classified into several groups. The first group was mislocation (282 cases), including 116 with stomas too close to each other, 97 with stomas located too distally in the rectosigmoid (which interfered with the pull-through), 30 with inverted stomas, 21 with stomas too far apart from each other, and 18 with right upper sigmoidostomies. The second largest group was prolapse (119 cases), which occurred mainly in mobile portions of the colon. The third group was composed of general surgical complications after colostomy closure (82 cases), such as intestinal obstruction (47 cases), wound infection (13 cases), incisional hernia (11 cases), anastomotic dehiscence (7 cases), sepsis (3 cases), and bleeding (1 case). Two of the septic patients died. Another group included 62 patients who received a Hartmann's procedure, which we considered to be contraindicated in anorectal malformations. A total of 42 patients suffered from stenosis of the stoma; 29, from retraction.

Conclusions

Most colostomy complications are preventable using separated stomas in the descending colon. Mislocated stomas lead to problems with appliance application, interference with the pull-through, megasigmoid, distal fecal impaction, and urinary tract infections. Loop colostomies lead to urinary tract infections, distal fecal impaction, and prolapse. Prolapse is a potentially dangerous complication that mostly occurs when the stoma is placed in a mobile portion of the colon. Recognizing this makes the complication preventable by trying to create colostomies in fixed portions of the colon or by fixing the bowel to the abdominal wall when necessary. The trend to avoid colostomies is justified; however, colostomy is the best way to prevent complications in anorectal surgery and, when indicated, should be done with a meticulous technique following strict rules to avoid complications.     

经皮内镜引导下盲/结肠造口术治疗溃疡性结肠炎

目的总结经皮内镜引导下盲/结肠造口术(PEC)在治疗溃疡性结肠炎(UC)中的应用体会,探讨PEC的适应证、实施方法及并发症。方法回顾性分析了2009年12月以来2例应用PEC行顺行灌肠治疗UC的实施方法,观察治疗前后UC临床严重程度分级、内镜分级及病理组织学分级变化。结果 2例患者UC临床严重程度分级、内镜分级及病理组织学分级明显好转,无明显并发症。结论应用PEC行顺行灌肠治疗UC是安全、有效的。