贫困地区政府和集体在合作医疗筹资中的作用

在农村贫困地区，政府财政大多呈现赤字，集体经济薄弱，因此，在贫困地区合作医疗筹资过程中充分发挥政府和集体经济的作用是贫困地区合作医疗举办过程中应加以考虑的问题。本文通过对１０个贫困地区合作医疗试点县的研究认为，目前在１０个试点县中，各级财政和集体经济对合作医疗尚缺乏一定的支持，但有一定的筹资潜力，另外，民委、民政和扶贫经费也是潜在的筹资渠道。在资金的使用方向上应考虑为特困人群代缴合作医疗基金，以发挥资金的最大利用效率，同时也促进贫困地区合作医疗筹资的公平性     

福建省闽西北农村集资医疗基本资金筹集估计模式与参数探讨

本文通过闽西北农村的各类型集资医疗居民的实际门诊与住院的消费水平抽样调查,对居民的基本医疗费用(包括村医生工资负担A,门诊费用负担B_i,住院费用负担C_j)及医疗补偿规定比例q等参数作出估计,建立集资医疗基本资金筹集预算模式((?)=A+ΣB_i+∑C_i·q)。结果表明,接本模式推算出的基本资金筹集估计值与实际筹集值非常接近(t=1.12,P>0.05)。     

Exploring relationships between facets of self-esteem and drinking behavior among diverse groups of young adults

Theory and empirical evidence suggest that North American-based measures of self-esteem, which measure individualistic positive self-regard, may be less applicable to Eastern cultures. In the present exploratory study, we examined how different conceptualizations of self-esteem, as measured by the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and the Collective Self-esteem (CSE) Scale, predicted drinking behavior among three groups of American college students (N = 326) with varying ethnicities: White, Korean, and Chinese/Taiwanese. Hierarchical negative binomial regression was employed to evaluate these relations. Ethnic identity was controlled for in all analyses. Findings indicated that while global self-esteem was positively associated with drinking for the whole sample, ethnicity moderated this relationship such that global self-esteem was related to drinking for White participants but not for their Chinese/Taiwanese counterparts. In addition, while CSE did not associate with drinking for the whole sample, effects emerged for specific ethnicities. Specifically, private CSE was associated with less drinking for Korean and Chinese/Taiwanese participants. Depending on specific Asian ethnicity, public CSE served as a risk (Korean participants) or a protective factor (Chinese/Taiwanese participants) for drinking. Findings suggest that above and beyond ethnic identity, differential relationships between facets of self-esteem and drinking behavior may exist among White, Korean, and Chinese/Taiwanese young adults. Intervention and prevention programs should develop strategies to help Chinese/Taiwanese and Korean American young adults cultivate protective factors within domains of CSE.     

Informal interprofessional learning: an untapped opportunity for learning and change within the workplace

Abstract

In this paper, we explore the educational and workplace learning literature to identify the potential and significance for informal interprofessional learning within the workplace. We also examine theoretical perspectives informing informal workplace interprofessional learning. Despite numerous studies focusing on formal interprofessional education programs, we suggest that informal interprofessional learning opportunities are currently unrealized. We highlight reasons for a focus on learning within the workplace and the potential benefits within an interprofessional context.     

说课在母婴护理教学改革中的应用研究

目的探讨说课在母婴护理教学改革中的应用效果。方法以2011级16个班831名学生为实验组,2010级16个班812名学生为对照组,对照组按传统方法教学,实验组在课前组织教师说课20min,其他教学法相同。结果实验组学生理论、技能考试成绩及对教师教学过程的评价均高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论开展说课可以更新教师教学理念,提高教师课堂教学设计与实施的能力,促进教师专业发展的同时提高教学效果。     

Food insecurity, social capital and perceived personal disparity in a predominantly rural region of Texas: an individual-level analysis

Few studies have addressed the association of food insecurity with place of residence and perceptions of collective social functioning such as perceived social capital and perceived personal disparity. This study assessed the association between food insecurity and measures of perceived personal disparity and perceived social capital in a region of Central Texas, USA comprised of one urban and six rural counties. Food insecurity, perceived social capital, perceived personal disparity, and sociodemographic control measures were derived from the 2006 Brazos Valley Community Health Assessment on an analytic sample of 1803 adult participants (74% response rate). Robust multinomial regression models examined associations between food insecurity and perceived personal disparity, perceived social capital, education, age, residence in a poor or low-income household, minority group membership, and rural residence. A model was estimated for food insecurity (n = 1803, p < 0.0001). Residents with low social capital, higher levels of perceived personal disparity, rural residence, residence in a low-income or poor household, minority group membership, and lower levels of educational attainment were more likely to experience food insecurity. Rural residence (p = 0.021) was significant only for the comparison between those who never, and those who often experienced food insecurity, and findings for the stratified rural and urban samples were roughly equivalent to the combined sample. Individual level measures of collective social functioning are important correlates of food insecurity. In this study, both perceived personal disparity and perceived social capital play an important role, regardless of rural or urban residence.     

Neighborhood social capital and individual health

Neighborhood social capital is increasingly considered to be an important determinant of an individual's health. Using data from the Netherlands we investigate the influence of neighborhood social capital on an individual's self-reported health, while accounting for other conditions of health on both the level of the neighborhood and the individual. We use national representative data ('The Housing and Living Survey', 2006) on the Netherlands with 61,235 respondents in 3273 neighborhoods. The cross-sectional data were combined with information provided by Statistics Netherlands on neighborhoods, i.e., the percentage of residents in the highest income quintile per neighborhood and the municipality's degree of urbanity. The association of neighborhood social capital with individual health was assessed by multilevel logistic regression analysis. Our results show that neighborhood social capital is positively associated with health. Interestingly, residents in urban neighborhoods benefit particularly from their neighborhood social capital.     

God-sent ordeals and their discontents: ultra-orthodox Jewish women negotiate prenatal testing

Through narrative interviews with 20 pregnant ultra-orthodox [Haredi] Jewish women in Israel conducted between 2007 and 2009, we examine the implications for such women of prenatal testing, and of pregnancy as a gendered route of piety. We found that pregnancy signified both a divine mission and possible reproductive misfortunes. Bearing a child with a disability was taken as a test of faith and God's decree was to be accepted. Fetal anomaly created anxiety about the women's ability to fulfill their God-given task and about their position in an unwritten hierarchy of gendered righteousness. Challenging reproductive decisions were often assigned to rabbis, but this did not exempt women from viewing themselves as inadequate in their religious devotion. We conclude that prenatal testing becomes a spiritual ordeal that aggravates pregnancy tensions.     

A Simple Computational Theory of General Collective Intelligence

Researchers have recently demonstrated that group performance across tasks tends to be correlated, motivating the use of a single metric for the general collective intelligence of groups akin to general intelligence metrics for individuals. High general collective intelligence is achieved when a group performs well across a wide variety of tasks. A number of factors have been shown to be predictive of general collective intelligence, but there is sparse formal theory explaining the presence of correlations across tasks, betraying a fundamental gap in our understanding of what general collective intelligence is measuring. Here, we formally argue that general collective intelligence arises from groups achieving commitment to group goals, accurate shared beliefs, and coordinated actions. We then argue for the existence of generic mechanisms that help groups achieve these cognitive alignment conditions. The presence or absence of such mechanisms can potentially explain observed correlations in group performance across tasks. Under our view, general collective intelligence can be conceived as measuring group performance on classes of tasks that have particular combinations of cognitive alignment requirements.     

It takes a village: Fixed-effects analysis of neighborhood collective efficacy and children's development

Background

Previous studies suggest that neighborhood social capital is associated with children's mental health. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between neighborhood collective efficacy and children's psychosocial development.