不稳定型心绞痛患者冠脉循环中凝血纤溶的变化

目的:了解不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)患者冠脉循环中凝血纤溶的变化.方法: 选22例UAP患者和10例经冠脉造影证实冠状动脉无狭窄的患者为研究对象.采集冠状静脉窦(CS)、主动脉根部(AO)和上腔静脉(SVC)血,测定组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)和纤溶酶原激活剂抑制剂(PAI)活性、D-二聚体(DD)及纤维蛋白原(Fg)含量.结果:与对照组相比,UAP患者冠脉循环中t-PA活性减低(P＜0.05),PAI活性增高(P＜0.01),Fg含量增高(P＜0.01),DD含量增高但无统计学意义(P＞0.05).UAP患者三部位各指标测定结果无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论:UAP患者存在凝血、纤溶功能的失调,UAP患者纤溶活性降低,凝血功能增强;UAP患者在心绞痛缓解后,冠脉循环中凝血、纤溶状态与周围循环血中一致.     

10％的盐水冰袋用于体外循环术后高热患者降温效果的研究

目的探讨采用10％的盐水冰袋冰敷在体外循环术后高热患者物理降温中的效果。方法对124例体外循环术后高热患者的物理降温效果进行比较，研究组60例，应用10％的盐水冰袋作为物理降温的用具；对照组64例，使用传统的橡胶冰袋冰敷作为物理降温用具。记录降温后不同时间患者体温下降的情况。结果2组病例冰枕冰敷后0．5，1．5h降温效果差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；冰枕冰敷后2．5，4．0h降温效果差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论10％的盐水冰袋冰敷具有降温效果好、持续时间长，冰袋内为霜水，患者感觉舒适，值得临床推广应用。     

血CTCs和cfDNA联合检测与传统肿瘤标志物检测在辅助诊断乳腺癌中的应用价值比较

目的比较血循环肿瘤细胞(CTCs)、循环游离DNA(cf DNA)联合检测与传统肿瘤标志物糖蛋白抗原153(CA153)检测在辅助诊断乳腺癌中的应用价值。方法回顾性选择2017年1月到2019年6月在安徽省第二人民医院收治的82例被确诊的乳腺癌患者为乳腺癌组,选取同期收治的50例乳腺良性疾病患者为乳腺良性疾病组,50例于该院体检的健康女性为对照组。采用ROCHE化学发光仪检测血清CA153水平;采用qPCR检测血浆cf DNA基因水平(241 bp hTERT和100 bp hTERT)和完整性(241 bp hTERT/100 bp hTERT);采用Ce1l Search系统检测血CTCs;受试者工作曲线(ROC)分析血CA153、cf DNA与CTCs诊断乳腺癌的诊断价值。结果乳腺癌组患者的血CTCs阳性表达率为37. 80%,明显高于乳腺良性疾病组的16. 00%(P <0. 05),明显高于对照组的12. 00%(P <0. 05);乳腺癌组的血CA153、241 bp hTERT、100 bp hTERT、241 bp hTERT/100 bp hTERT水平均明显高于乳腺良性疾病组(P <0. 05),乳腺良性疾病组的血CA153、241 bp hTERT、100 bp hTERT、241 bp hTERT/100 bp h TERT水平均明显高于对照组(P <0. 05);ROC分析显示,血cf DNA 241 bp hTERT、100 bp hTERT、241 bp hTERT/100 bp hTERT以及三者联合诊断乳腺癌的曲线下面积(AUC)依次为0. 865、0. 725、0. 870和0. 950;血CTCs和CA153诊断乳腺癌的AUC为0. 609和0. 733,明显低于cf DNA诊断的0. 950。结论血cf DNA对乳腺癌具有较高的诊断价值,有望应用于乳腺癌患者的临床辅助诊断。     

Altered flow dynamics of intravascular contrast material to the liver in superior vena cava syndrome: CT findings

Background: To evaluate the findings of altered flow dynamics in the livers of patients with obstruction of superior vena cava (SVC) on helical computed tomography (CT). Methods: In six patients (age range = 28–80 years) with SVC obstruction, CT findings were retrospectively reviewed to identify the abnormal enhancement patterns of the liver and the relation with the extrahepatic collateral vessels and hepatic vessels. Results: Abnormal hepatic enhancement was observed in the following four (A–D) portions: (A) anterior portion of segment IV (n = 5), (B) subdiaphragmatic portion of the liver (n = 4), (C) posterior portion of the right lobe (bare area; n = 1), and (D) lateral segment of the left lobe (n = 2). Two major collateral pathways to the liver were demonstrated as follows: A and D → from the umbilical vein to the left portal vein, and B and C → from the subcapsular vein to the bare area of the liver or to the hepatic veins. On helical CT, these collateral pathways were also clearly visualized. Conclusion: When these abnormal enhancements of the liver on CT are recognized within the liver, these findings indicate diversion of contrast material into collateral pathways to the liver with SVC obstruction. Received: 31 March 1999/Revision accepted: 25 June 1999     

Enamel nail polish does not interfere with pulse oximetry among normoxic volunteers

Objective.To determine if enamel nail polish interferes withpulse oximetry. Design. Laboratory investigation.Participants. 12 healthy nonsmoking volunteers. Methods.Spectrophotometry was performed on polystyrene cuvettes painted with 3uniform layers of nail polish enamel in triplicate. Absorbances werecompared at 660 and 940 nm for 10 colors across the visible spectrum anddocumented by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers colorcode against Pantone matches on a color scanner.Colors were then selected that had the greatestA₆₆₀–A₉₄₀ difference and pulse oximetry(Nellcor N-209A. Pleasanton , CA) was performed on nails painted withthese colors on 12 subjects using an unpainted digit as a control.Results. When tested by the oximeter, there were noSpO₂ differences detected between nail polish colors, norwere there any differences between the painted and the unpainted controldigits across subjects (F = 0.51, ANOVA; p= 0.67). Blue (B),green (G), and lime green (G) possessed the largestA₆₆₀–A₉₄₀ difference and potentially couldinterfere with pulse oximetry but did not do so in the clinical model.Conclusion. Enamel finger nail polish pigments do not interferewith pulse oximetry as previously reported, theA₆₆₀–A₉₄₀ difference must be greater than1.88 ± 0.23 SD AU in order to affect pulse oximetry.     

肝炎后肝硬化的门静脉系及门体侧支CT表现

本文报告４７例肝炎后肝硬化门静脉高压所致门静脉系与门体静脉侧支循环建立的ＣＴ表现，着重对门静脉与膈下静脉食管支及较为少见的脾静脉与左肾静脉侧支形成进行探讨；并对其ＣＴ征象鉴别作了描述。     

术前使用沐舒坦对体外循环术后肺损伤的影响

【目的】观察体外循环OCPB手术前使用沐舒坦对急性肺损伤的保护作用，并探讨其机制。【方法】60例先天性心脏病患儿，随机分成三组：实验组（甲组，n=20）于CPB前30min静推沐舒坦30mg；对照Ⅰ组（乙组，n=20）于CPB后静脉推注沐舒坦30mg；对照Ⅱ组（丙组n=20）不用任何呼吸系统药物。分别于CPB前，CPB后3h测量肺泡-动脉氧分压差（A-aDO2），动脉血超氧化物歧化酶／丙二醛（SOD／MDA）值。【结果】实验组术后A—aDO2明显高于对照Ⅱ组（P〈0．05），但与对照Ⅰ组相比差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。实验组SOD水平明显高于对照Ⅱ组（P〈0．05），MDA水平明显低于对照组。【结论】体外循环手术前静脉使用沐舒坦（30mg）可以减轻术后肺损伤。     

PEEP ventilation does not cause humorally mediated cardiac output depression in pigs

Objective This study was designed to see if humorally mediated negative inotropism contributes to the cardiac output (CO) depression seen during positive endexpiratory pressure (PEEP) ventilation.Design 8 pairs of piglets were used and a combined blood circulation was established between the two animals in each pair. One animal was ventilated with a PEEP of 15 cmH₂O (donor) and the other was ventilated without PEEP (recipient).Measurement and results CO and stroke volume deteriorated in the donors by 32% and 44%, respectively, while no change was seen in the recipients.Conclusion As humorally mediated negative inotropism during PEEP ventilation has earlier been demonstrated in dogs, the results suggest that this mechanism might be species-dependent.     

Severe electrolyte disorders following cardiac surgery: a prospective controlled observational study

Introduction

Electrolyte disorders are an important cause of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias as well as various other complications in the intensive care unit. Patients undergoing cardiac surgery are at risk for development of tachyarrhythmias, especially in the period during and immediately after surgical intervention. Preventing electrolyte disorders is thus an important goal of therapy in such patients. However, although levels of potassium are usually measured regularly in these patients, other electrolytes such as magnesium, phosphate and calcium are measured far less frequently. We hypothesized that patients undergoing cardiac surgical procedures might be at risk for electrolyte depletion, and we therefore conducted the present study to assess electrolyte levels in such patients.

Methods

Levels of magnesium, phosphate, potassium, calcium and sodium were measured in 500 consecutive patients undergoing various cardiac surgical procedures who required extracorporeal circulation (group 1). A total of 250 patients admitted to the intensive care unit following other major surgical procedures served as control individuals (group 2). Urine electrolyte excretion was measured in a subgroup of 50 patients in both groups.

Results

All cardiac patients received 1 l cardioplegia solution containing 16 mmol potassium and 16 mmol magnesium. In addition, intravenous potassium supplementation was greater in cardiac surgery patients (mean ± standard error: 10.2 ± 4.8 mmol/hour in cardiac surgery patients versus 1.3 ± 1.0 in control individuals; P < 0.01), and most (76% versus 2%; P < 0.01) received one or more doses of magnesium (on average 2.1 g) for clinical reasons, mostly intraoperative arrhythmia. Despite these differences in supplementation, electrolyte levels decreased significantly in cardiac surgery patients, most of whom (88% of cardiac surgery patients versus 20% of control individuals; P < 0.001) met criteria for clinical deficiency in one or more electrolytes. Electrolyte levels were as follows (mmol/l [mean ± standard error]; cardiac patients versus control individuals): phosphate 0.43 ± 0.22 versus 0.92 ± 0.32 (P < 0.001); magnesium 0.62 ± 0.24 versus 0.95 ± 0.27 (P < 0.001); calcium 1.96 ± 0.41 versus 2.12 ± 0.33 (P < 0.001); and potassium 3.6 ± 0.70 versus 3.9 ± 0.63 (P < 0.01). Magnesium levels in patients who had not received supplementation were 0.47 ± 0.16 mmol/l in group 1 and 0.95 ± 0.26 mmol/l in group 2 (P < 0.001). Urinary excretion of potassium, magnesium and phosphate was high in group 1 (data not shown), but this alone could not completely account for the observed electrolyte depletion.

Conclusion

Patients undergoing cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation are at high risk for electrolyte depletion, despite supplementation of some electrolytes, such as potassium. The probable mechanism is a combination of increased urinary excretion and intracellular shift induced by a combination of extracorporeal circulation and decreased body temperature during surgery (hypothermia induced diuresis). Our findings may partly explain the high risk of tachyarrhythmia in patients who have undergone cardiac surgery. Prophylactic supplementation of potassium, magnesium and phosphate should be seriously considered in all patients undergoing cardiac surgical procedures, both during surgery and in the immediate postoperative period. Levels of these electrolytes should be monitored frequently in such patients.     

Brain resuscitation by extracorporeal circulation after prolonged cardiac arrest in cats

Objective Brain reanimation after prolonged ischemia is limited by post-ischemic reperfusion deficits (no-reflow phenomenon). The present study was undertaken to establish whether after 30 min cardiac arrest extracorporeal circulation is able to restore brain reperfusion and to promote functional and metabolic recovery.Design Adult normothermic cats were submitted to 30 min cardiac arrest by KCl-induced cardioplegia. Resuscitation was carried out by extracorporeal circulation (ECC) until spontaneous heart function returned. The quality of brain recovery was assessed 3 h later by electrophysiological recording and by imaging of the regional distribution of brain energy metabolites.Results In 6 of 10 cats cardiac sinus rhythm returned after 32±15 min. In the other 4 cats cardiac function did not return or only intermittently returned during the 3 h observation period. Cerebral blood flow measured by laser Doppler flowmetry returned to 102%±40% of control immediately after the beginning of resuscitation but then gradually declined to 43%±32% after 3 h despite normotensive perfusion. In all cats pupils started to constrict within less than 5 min of recirculation but in 2 animals they secondarily dilated 1.5 and 2 h later, respectively. Spontaneous EEG activity reappeared in 4 of the 6 successfully resuscitated cats after 111±40 min but failed to recover in the others. Bioluminescent imaging of ATP after 3 h recirculation revealed near-complete depletion throughout the brain in all 4 cats without cardiac recovery. Of the 6 successfully resuscitated cats 5 exhibited patchy areas of low ATP, glucose and pH in 22%–92% of the cross sectional area of brain; in one cat recovery of energy metabolism and acid-base homoiostasis was homogenous without any focal deficits. The cross sectional area of ATP recovery correlated directly with CBF and hematocrit and inversely with the plasma lactate level.Conclusions This study demonstrates for the first time that ECC is able to restore electrophysiological and metabolic brain function after cardiac arrest of as long as 30 min, but recovery is heavily restricted by delayed postischemic disturbances of recirculation. Progress in cardiac resuscitation by ECC requires substantial improvement in the efficiency of cerebrovascular reperfusion.