高剂量奥氮平治疗难治性精神分裂症的疗效

目的 探讨高剂量奥氮平治疗难治性精神分裂症的临床疗效,并观察其安全性及不良反应.方法 37例难治性精神分裂症患者被随机分为奥氮平组和氯氮平组,奥氮平组:奥氮平20～40mg/d治疗,氯氮平组:氯氮平200～500mg/d治疗.分别于治疗前、治疗4周、8周、12周应用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定临床疗效,采用不良反应量表(TESS)、体格检查、实验室检查、心电图、脑电图评价安全性.结果 奥氮平组和氯氮平组PANSS总分及各因子分在治疗4周、8周、12周均显著下降(F=16.456,31.352,13.434,22.277,16.869,34.232,21.026,47.558;P＜0.001);治疗前,治疗后4周、8周、12周PANSS总分及阳性、阴性、一般精神病理症状分组间差异无统计学意义.奥氮平组和氯氮平组在治疗中均无严重不良反应发生,两组不良反应差异无统计学意义.结论 高剂量奥氮平具有很好的安全性,可代替氯氮平治疗难治性精神分裂症.     

阿立哌唑与氯氮平治疗首发精神分裂症的对照研究

目的 评价阿立哌唑对首发精神分裂症的疗效和副作用。方法 60例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,分别给予阿立哌唑和氯氮平治疗6周,采用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定临床疗效,不良反应量表（TESS）评定不良反应。结果 阿立哌唑组治疗6周末PANSS总分减分率64．85％,有效率93．33％。氯氮平组治疗6周末PANSS总分减分率74．91％,有效率90．00％。阿立哌唑对精神分裂症的阳性症状、阴性症状及一般精神病理学症状均有良好疗效,两组间疗效差异无显著性。结论 阿立哌唑是治疗首发精神分裂症的一种有效药物。且安全性好．     

多受体类非典型抗精神病药物在老年抑郁症治疗中的比较

目的比较抗抑郁药物联合氯氮平、奥氮平、喹硫平治疗老年抑郁症疗效、耐受性与安全性。方法64例抑郁症患者在应用抗抑郁药物的基础上分别联合奥氮平（n=21）、喹硫平（n=23）、氯氮平（n=20），治疗6周，比较HAMD、HAMA、BPRS的变化和不良反应。结果3组患者的HAMD、HAMA、BPRS均有显著性减少，但3组之间无统计学差异（P〉0．05），其中氯氮平组不良反应较明显。结论抗抑郁药物联合多受体类非典型抗精神病药物治疗老年抑郁症的效果较理想，且不良反应少。但是不同药物之间的不良反应存在不同。     

Efficacy and safety of aripiprazole augmentation of clozapine in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials

Limited options are available for clozapine-resistant schizophrenia and intolerable side effects of clozapine. We conducted a systematic review of randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) to determine the efficacy and safety of aripiprazole augmentation of clozapine for schizophrenia. Electronic databases searched included PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Web of Science. This review synthesized the data of four short-term (8–24 weeks), placebo-controlled trials (N = 347). The overall relative risk (RR, 95% confidence interval) of discontinuation rates was not significantly different between groups (RR = 1.41, 95% CI = 0.78 to 2.56). The pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs, 95% CIs) (Z-test; number of study; I²-index) suggested trends of aripiprazole augmentation benefits on overall psychotic [−0.40 (−0.87 to 0.07) (n = 3; Z = 1.68, p = 0.09; I² = 68%)], positive [−1.05 (−2.39 to 0.29) (n = 3; Z = 1.54, p = 0.12; I² = 94%)], and negative [−0.36 (−0.77 to 0.05) (n = 3; Z = 1.74, p = 0.08; I² = 54%)] symptoms. Despite of no benefit on three cardiometabolic indices (i.e., fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein), aripiprazole augmentation was superior for weight change with a mean difference (95% CI) of −1.36 kg (−2.35 to −0.36) (n = 3; Z = 2.67, p = 0.008; I² = 39%) and LDL-cholesterol with a mean difference of −11.06 mg/dL (−18.25 to −3.87) (n = 3; Z = 3.02, p = 0.003; I² = 31%). Aripiprazole augmentation was not correlated with headache and insomnia but significantly associated with agitation/akathesia (RR = 7.59, 95% CI = 1.43 to 40.18) (n = 3; Z = 2.38, p = 0.02; I² = 0%) and anxiety (RR = 2.70, 95% CI = 1.02 to 7.15) (n = 1; Z = 2.00, p = 0.05). The limited short-term data suggested that aripiprazole augmentation of clozapine can minimize the cardiometabolic risk, causes agitation/akathesia, and may be effective in attenuating psychotic symptoms.     

文拉法辛联合氯氮平治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效

目的 观察文拉法辛缓释片合并氯氮平治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效和不良反应.方法 采用单纯随机化法,将107例精神分裂症患者分为研究组（文拉法辛缓释片＋氯氮平）和对照组（氯氮平＋安慰剂）.于治疗前、治疗第2、4、8周末以阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）和阴性症状量表（SANS）评定疗效,于治疗第2、4、8周末以药物副反应量表（TESS）评定不良反应.结果 治疗4、8周末,研究组PANSS总分和阴性因子分与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;研究组SANS总分和部分因子分与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.治疗后第2、4、8周末,研究组TESS评分均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 文拉法辛缓释片治疗精神分裂症安全有效,协同氯氮平治疗精神分裂症阴性症状可增加疗效.     

对抗精神病药不良反应敏感者1例

1病例简介 患者,女,18岁,因“猜疑、耳闻人语4月,加重1周,总病程7年”第2次住院。患者2003年3月起病,表现为猜疑被害,曾在当地医院住院,诊断精神分裂症,予以氯氮平治疗,最高剂量为125mg／d,用药后第4周出现粒细胞下降（白细胞2．7×10^9／L,中性粒细胞1．24×10^9／L）,而自动出院。     

Effectiveness and safety of antipsychotics in early onset psychoses: a long-term comparison

The effectiveness and safety of various antipsychotics was evaluated in a long-term study on 47 patients, 29 with schizophrenia and 18 with schizoaffective disorder, aged 10 to 17 years (mean 15.5) at onset. Follow-up ranged from 3 years (all 47 patients) to 11 years (19 patients). Data were collected on the following antipsychotics: haloperidol, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, aripiprazole and clozapine. Cases with positive response were significantly more frequent with clozapine as compared to haloperidol, risperidone and olanzapine. Risperidone was significantly better than haloperidol at the 3-year follow-up. A comparison of the degree of clinical improvement evaluated with PANSS and CGI in patients treated with drugs in subsequent periods showed clozapine led to significantly greater improvement as compared to haloperidol, risperidone and olanzapine, and risperidone as compared to haloperidol. Data on long-term functioning significantly favored clozapine as compared to all the other drugs. Discontinuation due to side effects involved 20% patients with clozapine, lower percentage with the other drugs. The results of this study on early-onset schizophrenic and schizoaffective disorders confirm that even in the long-term, clozapine is more effective than haloperidol, risperidone and olanzapine. Despite a relevant incidence of adverse effects, clozapine seems to have unique effectiveness in treating children and adolescents with early-onset schizophrenic disorders.     

15例难治性精神分裂症患者由氯氮平换用喹硫平治疗的临床报告

虽然氯氮平是治疗精神分裂症的二线药物,并能够将其他抗精神病药物治疗无效的精神分裂症的疗效提高30％左右,但仍然有部分患者对氯氮平治疗无效,或不能耐受氯氮平的不良反应,此时就需要将氯氮平换为其他精神病药物。但由于撤药综合征的问题,氯氮平换用其他抗精神病药物被大部分精神科医生视为临床难题。本文就此总结了15例服用氯氮平的精神分裂症患者换用喹硫平的临床特点。     

阿立哌唑与小剂量氯氮平治疗难治性精神分裂症对照研究

目的探讨阿立哌唑合并小剂量氯氮平治疗难治性精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法将40例难治性精神分裂症患者随机分为A组(阿立哌唑合并小剂量氯氮平,n=20)和B组(单用氯氮平,n=20)。于治疗前和治疗第4、8、12周末采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定临床疗效;使用副反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应,并进行对比分析。结果 2组治疗后PANSS总分较治疗前明显降低,A组显著低于B组,差异有统计学意义。2组治疗12周末有效率分别是80%、50%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=3.95,P<0.05)。2组不良反应比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论阿立哌唑合并小剂量氯氮平治疗难治性精神分裂症疗效好,不良反应少且依从性好。     

Differential cognitive performances between schizophrenic responders and non-responders to antipsychotics: Correlation with course of the illness,psychopathology, attitude to the treatment and antipsychotics doses

Multiple lines of evidence demonstrate that schizophrenia patients may perform worse than normal controls in several cognitive tasks. However, little is known on putative differences in cognitive functioning between schizophrenia patients responding to antipsychotics and those resistant to the treatment. In this cross-sectional study, 63 subjects (41 schizophrenia and schizoaffective patients and 22 age and sex-matched controls) were enrolled. Patients were divided in resistant (TRS, n=19) and non-resistant to pharmacological treatment (non-TRS, n=22) according to the American Psychiatric Association (APA) criteria for treatment resistance. The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) was administered to patients and controls. The following rating scales were administered to schizophrenia patients: the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI) and the Subjective Well-being under Neuroleptics (SWN). Statistically significant differences among non-TRS patients, TRS ones, and controls were detected at the BACS. TRS patients performed significantly worse than non-TRS ones on Verbal Memory task, exhibited higher PANSS total and subscales scores and were prescribed higher antipsychotic doses. Poorer performances at the BACS significantly correlated with more severe negative symptoms in TRS but not in non-TRS patients. These results may suggest that TRS patients suffer from a form of the disease with prominent cognitive impairment possibly related to negative symptoms.