Health-Related Quality of Life in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Determining a Meaningful Deterioration

This paper uses the standard error of measurement (SEM) and the standard error of the difference (S(diff)) in relation to data on individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) to calculate the minimum change scores required by statistical criteria for each dimension of the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Assessment Questionnaire (ALSAQ-40). Data collected from a longitudinal study was used to evaluate the usefulness of SEM and S(diff) criteria and to compare these criteria with an anchor-based approach in determining meaningful change. Questionnaires were completed on two occasions, 3 months apart. 764 questionnaires were returned. Questionnaires included the ALSAQ-40 and dimension specific transition items. The ALSAQ-40 is a disease specific health-related quality of life instrument for use in studies of patients with ALS or other motor neuron diseases. For all dimensions of the ALSAQ-40 the patterns of SEMs were similar over time. The results suggest that, for example, six points change on a 0-100 transformed scoring of the physical mobility dimension may be considered on distributional grounds a minimum meaningful change. The demonstrated consistency of SEMs for the dimensions of the ALSAQ-40 is empirical evidence of the theoretically claimed advantage of this measure of sample independence, and supports use of this distributional approach to calculate meaningful change.     

农村贫困地区2002年至2006年县级卫生机构人员流动状况调查

Objective To probe into the HR development of healthcare professionals in poor rural areas. Methods 51 county-level healthcare institutions from 13 counties in six provinces were sampled to study the turnover from 2002 to 2006. Results The number of healthcare professionals per 1 000 population in the poor counties investigated was in average lower than that of counties in the same province; the inflow of personnel was higher than that of outflow. Of the inflow, 43. 50％ were fresh university graduates, and 40. 58％ were transferred from other organizations, 95.83％ have degrees of technical secondary schools and above, and 87. 17％ were healthcare professionals. 70. 44％ of the outflow were retirees, and 22. 33％ were transferred outside; 28. 00％ have only senior high school degrees or below, 69. 74％ were healthcare professionals. Conclusions The quality of healthcare personnel has been improved to some extent; but the risk of brain drain remains a challenge. An appropriate mechanism of personnel turnover should be built, and graduates from medical schools should be directed to reinforce healthcare teams in poor areas.     

沥水调脂胶囊和舒降之片治疗高胆固醇血症的比较研究

目的　评价沥水调脂胶囊和舒降之片治疗高胆固醇血症的疗效与不良反应。方法　 6 6例高胆固醇血症的病人随机分成沥水调脂胶囊组 (A组 )和舒降之组 (B组 ) ;A组 33例给予沥水调脂胶囊 3粒 ,po,tid ,B组 33例给予舒降之 10mg ,po ,qd ;疗程均为 4周。结果　与治疗前相比 ,A组胆固醇 (TC)降低 ,有效率为 90 90 % ,甘油三脂 (TG)降低 ,有效率为 6 9 70 % ;B组TC降低 ,有效率为 93 33% ,TG降低 ,有效率为 5 1 5 1% ;A组和B组疗效间无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,不良反应发生率两组间有显著性差异 (3 3%和 12 1% ,P <0 0 1)。结论　沥水调脂胶囊治疗高胆固醇血症与舒降之片相比 ,效果同样明显。     

Educating early childhood teachers for the global world

Teachers for the twenty-first century for the global world need to be proficient in technology and skilled as reflective practitioners. They need to be able to reflect on diversity in myriad ways: learning styles, special needs, cultural differences, racial differences, developmentally appropriate differences, teaching styles and personality differences of children, teachers, parents, community members and administrators. The paradigni shift of the twenty-first century is that teachers need to be team players who are skilled at operating in a variety of collaborative partnerships.

The Early Childhood Program Faculty, at NEIU, with the help of a Teacher Quality Education grant, developed with six universities in Illinois called Illinois Professionals Learning Partnerships (IPLP), set out to adapt the NEIU/ECED program for the twenty-first century in a global world by focusing on four goals: (1) increasing technology and writing skills across the curriculum, (2) developing reflective skills and understanding of diversity (special needs, multicultural/international cultures), (3) developing student experience working in collaborative partnerships and (4) increasing clinical experiences.

The IPLP grant enabled the ECED program to: (1) spend intensive time on changing the curriculum in two retreats a year, (2) develop a faculty cohort including tenure track faculty, visiting lecturers and adjuncts, (3) develop a combined program of research and program development, (4) recruit and hire three new tenure track international faculty, (5) develop professional development schools and intensive field experiences, (6) combine resources for many grants, (7) develop short-term international experiences and faculty exchange programs and (8) increase technology skills of students and faculty through action laboratories on using video technology, digital cameras, reflective email discussions and videography.     

硫酸鱼精蛋白注射液细菌内毒素检查研究

目的 :对硫酸鱼精蛋白注射液进行细菌内毒素检查的可行性研究 ,为该药品质量标准中制定内毒素检查项提供参考。方法 :采用凝胶法分别对两个不同生产厂家的各 3批样品进行干扰试验。结果 :硫酸鱼精蛋白注射液 (10 mg/ ml)在稀释 2 4 0倍时无干扰作用 ,可用细菌内毒素检查法进行检查。结论 :硫酸鱼精蛋白注射液细菌内毒素检查是可行的。     

硝酸甘油用于高血压病人术中降压的临床观察

目的 :观察硝酸甘油在麻醉手术中控制血压的效果。方法 :46例病人均采用静脉复合麻醉 ,对在麻醉前和麻醉手术过程中血压过高者静脉滴注硝酸甘油观察血压下降的情况 ,并对用药量和用药前后血压、HR进行记录。结果 :用药3分钟血压开始下降 ,5分钟达到理想的范围 ,平均用量 (4±1 1)mg,部分病人心率加快 ,1例出现心动过速 ,静脉注射艾司洛尔20mg后降至正常范围。结论 :硝酸甘油降压可控性强 ,副作用少。     

非甾体类消炎药致上消化道出血的临床表现与内镜特征

目的　探讨非甾体类消炎药物导致上消化道出血的临床与内镜特征。方法　回顾性分析 5 6例非甾体类消炎药物导致上消化道出血病人的临床资料。结果　服用非甾体类消炎药物后 5 d内出血 38例 (6 8% ) ,表现为上腹痛 39例 (6 9% ) ,呕血伴黑便 34例 (6 1% ) ,单纯黑便 2 2例 (39% ) ,内镜下表现为弥漫性胃黏膜充血、水肿及多发糜烂 38例 (6 8% ) ,胃溃疡 14例 (2 5 % )。结论　非甾体类消炎药物致上消化道出血的主要临床表现为腹痛、呕血伴黑便或单纯黑便。内镜下为弥漫性胃黏膜充血、水肿 ,多发性糜烂和溃疡。     

应用吻合器治疗重度痔疮10例体会

目的 :探讨吻合器痔疮环状切除的临床应用 ,总结其适应证、方法和疗效以及安全性和适用性。方法 :应用美国强生公司 33mm吻合器 (PPH)对 10例Ⅲ度、Ⅳ度环行脱垂性内痔进行手术治疗。结果 :手术时间平均 2 0min ,术后平均住院时间 4d。 97%的患者对手术效果满意。 3例术后 5d内有血便 ,经对症处理后好转。 5例出现肛门疼痛、大便不适伴水肿。 2例出现尿潴留 ,给予导尿处理 ,0 .5a随访无大便失禁、肛门狭窄的发生。结论 :PPH治疗痔疮具有比传统手术安全有效、手术简单、手术时间短、术后痛苦少、恢复快及并发症少的优点。但由于病例少 ,临床经验尚待进一步积累和总结     

山西地区102例重症严重急性呼吸道综合征患者临床分析

目的　分析山西地区 10 2例重症严重急性呼吸道综合征 (SARS)患者的临床特征、治疗效果和预后。方法　对山西地区 2 0 0 3年 3月 7日至 6月 4日 10 2例重症 SARS患者的临床资料进行总结 ,并进行统计学分析。结果　 10 2例患者男性 4 8例 (4 7% ) ,女性 5 4例 (5 3% ) ;主要临床表现为发热 (10 0 % )、咳嗽 (5 5 % )、呼吸困难 (4 4 % )。早期白细胞数平均 (6± 4 )× 10 9/ L ,淋巴细胞平均 (16± 12 ) % ,10 2例都有胸部 X线检查异常。疾病的早期使用呼吸机 ,心理治疗可阻止病情进展 ,多因素分析显示 :不良预后影响因素是高龄、无心理治疗。结论　重症 SARS男女发病大致相等 ,无特征性临床表现 ,早期使用呼吸机 ,心理治疗有效 ,年龄、心理治疗是该病预后的预测因素     

Socioeconomic status and prevalence of allergic rhinitis and atopic eczema symptoms in young adolescents

Environmental factors are known to influence the development of allergic rhinitis and atopic eczema in genetically susceptible individuals. Socioeconomic status (SES) may be an important indicator of risk for these conditions. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase 1 written questionnaire was used to determine the prevalence and severity of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic eczema symptoms in 4947 pupils aged 13-14 years attending 30 schools in socioeconomically diverse areas of Cape Town. Home addresses were used to stratify participants into five SES bands. Relationships between symptom prevalence and severity, and SES, recent urbanization and upward socioeconomic mobility were examined. Logistic regression was used to generate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) in order to assess overall trends by SES. The prevalences of self-reported allergic rhinitis symptoms and recurrent itchy rash in the past year were 33.2% and 11.9% respectively. Girls had a significantly higher prevalence of all symptoms than boys. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis symptoms increased from lowest to highest SES (overall OR for rhinitis symptoms in past year = 1.16, 95% CI 1.11-1.21). There was no significant trend in reported eczema symptoms by SES other than for the question, 'Have you ever had eczema' (OR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.83-0.93). Longer period of urbanization was weakly associated only with recurrent itchy skin rash (OR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.01-1.09). 'Socially mobile' pupils, i.e. those resident in the lowest SES areas but attending highest SES schools showed significantly higher prevalences of eczema and some rhinitis symptoms than pupils attending lowest SES schools. These findings may reflect differences in reporting related to language, culture and access to medical care rather than real differences in prevalence.