山东省成年人超重肥胖分布特征分析

目的掌握山东省成年人超重和肥胖的分布现状。方法按照"2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查"统一要求,采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法在山东省选择7个县市/区调查。利用山东省18岁以上成年居民体格测量资料,用SPSS统计软件对成年居民超重和肥胖现状进行分析。结果山东省成年居民总体超重率为35.9%,肥胖率为17.5%,均高于全国平均水平。男性超重、肥胖城市高于农村(P<0.01);女性超重城市低于农村(P<0.01),肥胖城乡无差别。该省超重和肥胖患病低龄化,并随年龄增长而增加。文化程度较高、体力活动少的职业超重肥胖率增高。结论山东省超重肥胖防治工作应从青年人开始,广泛开展控制体重的宣传教育及制定干预计划已迫在眉睫。     

Health and environment in the context of urbanization

This paper introduces a series of research projects designed to fulfill the societal role of environmental health studies by investigating (1) the dynamic and complex relationships between environmental conditions and (2) health in an urban setting. Research in this first category has revealed the existence of the combined influence of multiple physical environmental factors on health and its mechanisms. In the second category, there have been a number of studies of the integrated influence of social environmental factors on health employing an aggregate modeling of multiple determinants of health and studies of individual topics related to social determinants of health. These research projects have contributed to the formulation of specific remedies and the development of comprehensive health policies. Participatory approaches have been used to enhance capacity building opportunities and to ensure that research results reflect the actual conditions in urban societies. Healthy Cities projects and programs have been developed in close collaboration with this type of research. Urban societies have become interdependent and share the same issues globally. Further research into the relationships between health and the environment in the context of urbanization will expand the base of evidence applicable to the complex realities in modern societies. This article is based upon the 2004 Congress Award Lecture at the 75th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society for Hygiene held in Niigata, Japan on March, 27–30, 2005.     

Designing for a Healthier Makassar,Indonesia: Participatory Systems Mapping

In Makassar, Indonesia, the USAID-funded Building Healthy Cities (BHC) project engaged 240 multi-sector stakeholders to gather qualitative data across three workshops and two citizen town halls from 2019 to 2021. These data were synthesized with results from BHC’s nine other Makassar activities to build maps of the current system and identify high-impact areas for engagement. Contextual findings showed that Makassar leadership has actively innovated and used new technology to improve the city, resulting in improved connectivity and responsiveness. However, this drive toward innovation has strained existing infrastructure and workforce capacity. When this strain fails to meet promised results, citizens are less likely to engage and support the innovations. This is central to the systems map that BHC developed, and is expanded upon through additional patterns that fall within four main areas: (1) leadership, governance, and financing; (2) infrastructure and workforce; (3) collaboration and data; and (4) community cohesion and awareness. Stakeholders found three key leverage points within this context that, if included in every action, could help overcome barriers. These leverage opportunities are: (1) increasing data-driven decision-making; (2) ensuring equitable policy and leadership; and (3) increasing community participation. By combining key patterns discovered in the Context Map with the leverage opportunities, BHC was able to co-create with stakeholders six “coherent actions” that can move Makassar to a healthier, “Sombere (kind-hearted and hospitable) and Smart City.” BHC has been working with the city planning office to incorporate the map findings into its bottom-up planning processes and the 5-year mid-term plan for Makassar.     

Promoting healthy aging in cities: The Healthy Cities project in Europe

Health promotion is a growing field, spreading into various settings. Thispaper focuses on the city as a setting for health promotion and on theHealthy Cities project (HCP) of the Regional Office for Europe of theWorld Health Organization in particular. In the context of the HCP, variousactivities to promote the health of older citizens have been carried out inrecent years. These are illustrated in this paper through case studies.     

Achieving wider participation in strategic health planning: experience from the consultation phase of Liverpool's City Health Plan'

Background: As a member of the World Health Organization's HealthyCities Project, Liverpool (UK) has developed an integrated planto improve health, the City Health Plan (CHP). Based aroundthe key areas of the former national health strategy for England,‘The Health of the Nation’, a draft CHP was developedby five task groups. Although multi-sectoral, these groups werenot able to achieve the desired level of participation fromthe community, or from those working in health, local governmentor voluntary sectors. One of the main goals of the consultationwas to redress this situation and achieve wider participation.Objective: To assess how adequately the consultation processcarried out in Liverpool contributed to broad-based participationin the development of the city health plan. Subjects and methods:(i) Semi-structured interviews with 20 key informants and 17facilitators who held consultation meetings in a variety ofsettings, and seven minority group contacts; (ii) Self-administeredquestionnaires to participants who had attended consultationmeetings. So far as was possible, the design encouraged participationin defining the goals and content of the evaluation. Main questionareas: Views on the importance of participation in planning;evaluation of the consultation against respondents’ criteriafor successful participation in the CHP; views on the purposeof the consultation, and on the methods used to publicise theCHP, inform participants about its purpose and content, andobtain their opinions about the plan. Questionnaires to thoseattending consultation meetings examined how adequately thisprocess permitted participation in contributing to the finalversion of the plan. Findings: This was the most ambitious publicpolicy consultation ever undertaken in Liverpool. There waswide agreement that participation was vital. Expectations variedconsiderably, but for many commitment and optimism co-existedwith cynicism about real involvement and achieving change. Theconsultation was widely appreciated, but some aspects whichmight improve effectiveness were identified. Most importantwas having more opportunity for participants to understand andthink through the implications of the CHP, and keeping peoplein contact with the process of revising the plan. Conclusions:There is a growing expectation for public policy to be multi-sectoraland participative: this study reports experiences of puttingthis into practice on a large scale. Despite people expressingmixed feelings, there was a lot of support for the methods used.Clear aims about the level of participation sought, adequateresources, time and facilitation, and good two-way communicationcan be expected to provide for wider and more effective participation.However, given the investment of time and personnel deployed,this experience raises important questions about the feasibilityof achieving wide participation in the development of urban(health) policy on a more routine basis.     

The Early Intestinal Microbiota of Healthy Korean Newborns

Background:

The microflora hypothesis may be the underlying explanation for the growth of inflammatory disease. In addition to many known affecting factors, knowing the gut microbiota of healthy newborns can help to understand the gut immunity and modulate it.

Objectives:

This study examined the microbiota of healthy newborns from urban regions.

Patients and Methods:

We enrolled 128 full-term newborns, born at Seoul St. Mary and St. Paul hospital from January 2009 to February 2010. All 143 samples of feces were cultivated in six culture plates to determine the amounts of total bacteria, anaerobes, gram-positive bacteria, coliforms, lactobacilli, and bifidobacteria. The samples were evaluated with a bivariate correlation between coliforms and lactobacilli. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis with HhaI and MspI and a clustering analysis were performed for determination of diversity.

Results:

Bacteria were cultured in 61.5% of feces in the following order: anaerobes, gram-positive bacteria, lactobacilli, coliform, and bifidobacteria. The growth of total bacteria and lactobacilli increased in feces defecated after 24 hours of birth (P < 0.001, P = 0.008) and anaerobes decreased (P = 0.003). A negative correlation between the growth of lactobacilli and coliforms was found (r = -463, P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

This study confirms that bacterial colonization of healthy newborns born in cities is non-sterile, but has early diversification and inter-individuality.     

安徽省城镇和农村幼儿体质特征对比分析

目的 探讨安徽省3~6岁幼儿体质情况的城镇和农村地区差异性.方法 以2014年第四次国民体质监测安徽省采集的5 788名3~6岁幼儿体质监测数据为基础,用独立样本t检验统计分析城镇幼儿和农村幼儿各种体质指标的差异.结果 农村幼儿和城镇幼儿的身高、10 m折返跑、立定跳远、网球掷远和坐位体前屈测试结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);城镇幼儿的体质量(19.7±4.2)kg显著高于农村幼儿(19.2±3.6)kg(t=-5.451,P<0.001);城镇幼儿的双脚连续跳测试结果(7.5±2.9)s显著好于农村幼儿(7.6±2.7)s(t=2.469,P<0.05);农村幼儿的走平衡木测试结果(10.0±5.8)s显著好于城镇幼儿(10.9±6.6)s(t=-5.924,P<0.001),均差异有统计学意义.结论 安徽省农村幼儿和城镇幼儿在身高、下肢力量、腰腹力量、反应能力、协调性和柔韧性方面差异无统计学意义;城镇幼儿体质量高于农村幼儿体质量,且城镇幼儿下肢力量强于农村幼儿;农村幼儿平衡能力优于城镇幼儿.建议对农村幼儿加强营养供给,对城镇幼儿加强平衡能力训练.     

沈阳市城市居民卫生保健行为状况调查分析

目的了解沈阳市城市居民卫生保健行为状况。方法分层随机抽取沈阳市内5区≥18周岁的城市居民5703人,对其进行问卷调查,调查内容包括社会人口学资料及卫生保健行为状况。结果沈阳市城市居民家中拥有4种以上保健品的达15.01%,掌握3种以上技能的占16.03%,参加体检的占14.80%。不同经济收入、不同文化程度的居民卫生保健行为间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论健康教育应注意不同经济收入、不同文化程度居民的不同需求,有的放矢地开展工作。同时应加大对低收入、低文化程度居民的健康教育工作力度,帮助他们提高卫生保健行为。     

运用对应分析研究宁波市城区居民就诊单位与疾病种类的关系

目的研究宁波市城区居民选择不同就诊单位与所患疾病之间的关系。方法随机抽取宁波市江东区27个社区,5092户居民,进行入户家庭询问调查,调查内容包括人口学特征、医疗保健情况、最近两周和1年患病情况及就诊情况。结果最近1年去医院就诊的4342人中,患腹泻和创伤主要选择社区卫生服务机构就医;患上呼吸道感染主要选择私人或其他医院;患胃病和其他疾病倾向于选择区级医院就医;患高血压、糖尿病主要选择市级医院就医。结论社区卫生服务机构尚需多方面努力改善医疗质量和水平,改变居民慢性疾病的就医选择。     

广东省城市中小学生饮用奶制品状况及其影响因素分析

目的了解广东省城市儿童少年饮用奶制品状况及其影响因素,为进一步采取干预措施提供科学依据。方法采用整群随机抽样,从广州、深圳、珠海的城区抽取7~18岁中小学生8811名进行饮用奶现状调查,并进行描述性统计分析。结果59.4%的学生常饮奶制品,6.0%的学生从不饮用奶制品;37.8%的学生认为奶制品对自己不重要,5.1%的学生不喜欢奶制品;4.3%的学生家长不鼓励孩子饮用奶制品,3.0%的学生因家庭经济困难不能持续饮用奶制品。多因素分析表明,家庭收入、父母鼓励、父亲文化程度、母亲文化程度、父亲职业、学生饮奶态度6个因素进入回归模型。结论应加强中小学生及家长的营养教育,改变营养消费观念,在家庭中普及奶制品消费,提高中小学生饮奶率。