Pneumococcemia as the presenting feature of multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma is associated with a susceptibility to bacterial infections, specifically for encapsulated organisms such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, severe bacterial infection as the initial presentation of this disease has been rarely reported. The most common presenting features are anemia, lytic lesions, hypercalcemia, and renal failure. We report two cases of pneumococcal bacteremia as the initial manifestation of an underlying multiple myeloma. The first case is of a 68-year-old woman with pneumococcal pneumonia and bacteremia, presenting with a white blood cell count of 900/microL and mild anemia. Further work-up disclosed monoclonal IgG kappa and 50% plasma cells in bone marrow. Her course was complicated by acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis. The second patient is a 57-year-old man presenting with acute pneumococcal meningitis and bacteremia. Due to prior bacterial epiglottitis, further work-up disclosed IgG lambda monoclonal spike and 40% plasma cells in bone marrow. Both cases responded to antibiotic therapy without complications. These two cases add to the few patients described in the literature with pneumococcemia as the first sign of multiple myeloma. Features that were common in most of these cases, and that should lead to a suspicion of myeloma in an otherwise asymptomatic patient, are S. pneumoniae bacteremia, leukopenia, mild anemia, history of prior bacterial infections, and indirect evidence of a paraproteinemia, such as increased total protein levels with low albumin.     

Manifestations cliniques des infections à Chlamydia pneumoniae

Chlamydia pneumoniae is a newly described and ubiquitous bacterium. Most infections are asymptomatic as shown by a high worldwide séroprévalence (> 50% of cases). It is a common cause of acute respiratory infections, mainly pneumonia (> 50% of cases) and other acute respiratory tract infections (25% of acute bronchitis, < 5% of sinusitis, otitis and pharyngitis). About 10% of the community acquired pneumonia cases have been associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. This incidence depends on a cyclic epidemiology with a high incidence for 2 to 3 years-followed by a low prevalence for 3 to 4 years. Most chlamydial infections are mild but occasionnaly severe with death especially in old people. Mostly acute infections are reccurent infections. The seroprevalence is higher in asthmatic patients, its role in acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis is not definitely established. Extra-respiratory acute infections are less frequent, either fever alone, or cardiovascular diseases (acute myocarditis, pericarditis and endocarditis) or neurological (encephalitis, meningitis or Gudlain-Barré syndrome). In addition, seroepidemiology studies have shown an association with coronary artery disease, Chlamydia pneumoniae was detected in coronary atheroma by immunochemistry, polymerase chain reaction and by electron microscopy. Chlamydia pneumoniae may be involved in the atherosclerotc process. To define the clinical spectrum of infection requires precise laboratory diagnosis, the most efficient tests (PCR, direct immunofluorescence and culture) are done in specialized laboratories, serological tests are less reliable. Macrolides, cyclines and fluoroquinolones are the most potent antibiotics but with differences in vitro within and between these families of antibiotics. Bacteriological failures are described despite the in vitro activity. A lot of questions on clinical aspects, epidemiology and treatement are unanswered, we need more studies.     

肺炎衣原体抗体IgA与动脉粥样硬化及再狭窄的相关性分析

目的 :探讨肺炎衣原体感染和炎症对冠状动脉 (冠脉 )粥样硬化和支架内再狭窄的影响。方法 :6 2 8例接受冠脉造影检查的患者根据造影结果分为冠脉粥样硬化组 (4 33例 )和非冠脉粥样硬化组 (195例 ) ,记录两组基线临床资料 ,检测血清肺炎衣原体抗体IgA及高敏的C反应蛋白 (CRP)。 2 6 1例冠脉内放置支架的患者分为感染组 (89例 )和非感染组 (172例 ) ,随访半年 ,再次冠脉造影检查 ,测量支架内管腔丢失率。结果 :冠脉粥样硬化组肺炎衣原体抗体IgA的阳性率及滴度均高于无冠脉粥样硬化组 (4 8.32 %∶2 6 .10 % ;1.31± 1.19∶0 .92± 1.12 ) ;血清CRP水平明显升高 [(34.6 7± 3.2 4 )mg/L∶(2 3.2 2± 3.2 7)mg/L],且随着病变程度加重而增加。肺炎衣原体感染组和非感染组再狭窄发生率分别为 2 7.0 %、2 1.3% ,差异无统计学意义。但有再狭窄者血清CRP水平明显高于无再狭窄者 [(36 .13± 4 .0 4 )mg/L∶(16 .5 1± 3.92 )mg/L]。 结论 :血清抗肺炎衣原体抗体IgA阳性与冠脉粥样硬化相关 ,但不能预示支架内再狭窄的发生 ;而CRP与冠脉粥样硬化和再狭窄的发生均相关 ,提示炎症反应不仅在动脉粥样硬化而且在支架内再狭窄的发生中均扮演重要角色。     

Risk factors for active trachoma and Chlamydia trachomatis infection in rural Ethiopia after mass treatment with azithromycin

Objectives To investigate risk factors for ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection and active trachoma, comparing communities receiving or not receiving an intervention programme of community‐wide azithromycin treatment and health education. Methods In a 3‐year post‐intervention follow‐up survey, 1722 children aged 3–9 years, from randomly selected households in 37 communities, were examined for signs of active trachoma and had samples taken to test for ocular C. trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction. Multivariate random effects logistic regression analyses considered interventions at community level, adjusting for other independent risk factors as appropriate. Results Younger age, ocular discharge and flies on eyes were risk factors for active trachoma in communities with and without antibiotic treatment. After azithromycin treatment, odds of active trachoma were lower in children aged 6–9 years than in children aged 3–5 years (OR 0.48, 95% CI: 0.36–0.66) and higher for children with ocular discharge (OR 4.5, 95% CI: 2.6–7.7) or flies on their eyes (OR 2.5, 95% CI: 1.6–3.7). Odds of C. trachomatis infection were lower in children aged 6–9 years than in younger children (OR 0.47, 95% CI: 0.23–0.96); and in children who received 2 or 3 doses rather than 1 (OR 0.26, 95% CI: 0.08–0.88). Conclusions In communities that received or did not receive the mass antibiotic treatment, the same risk factors for C. trachomatis and active trachoma were identified. Education and environmental improvements need to supplement antibiotic campaigns in order to positively impact on these remaining child level risk factors.     

炎症反应肺炎衣原体感染与冠心病的临床相关性研究

目的 :探讨白细胞介素 6 (IL 6 )、C 反应蛋白 (CRP)、纤维蛋白原 (Fg)及肺炎衣原体 (Cpn)感染与冠心病 (CHD)间的关系。方法 :急性心肌梗死 (AMI)组、经冠状动脉造影证实的心绞痛 (AP)组及正常对照各 30例。应用放射免疫法检测血清IL 6浓度 ,散射免疫浊度法检测血浆Fg及血清CRP水平 ,并用微量免疫荧光法检测血清Cpn特异性抗体IgG、IgM滴度并检测呼吸道合胞病毒特异性抗体IgG滴度做对照。 结果 :AMI组和AP组的血清IL 6、CRP及血浆Fg水平显著高于对照组 (均P<0 .0 1)。血清IL 6、CRP及血浆Fg水平彼此显著相关 (r值分别为 0 .81、0 .80和 0 .6 8,均P <0 .0 1) ,三者水平与AP患者的冠状动脉狭窄危险分数相关。AMI组、AP组血清抗CpnIgG抗体阳性率显著高于对照组 (分别 P <0 .0 1、<0 .0 5 )。三组的Cpn特异性IgM抗体与抗呼吸道合胞病毒IgG抗体阳性率比较差异无显著性意义。抗CpnIgG抗体阳性者IL 6、CRP水平显著高于阴性者。Cpn感染者特异性抗体IgG滴度与血中IL 6、CRP及Fg水平均明显相关。 结论 :炎性细胞因子及其诱生的急性相蛋白与CHD发生发展密切相关 ,炎症反应强度可能反映CHD病变程度。Cpn慢性感染与CHD相关 ,并可能通过介导炎症反应参与CHD发生发展     

Release of Teichoic and Lipoteichoic Acids from 30 Different Strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae during Exposure to Ceftriaxone, Meropenem, Quinupristin/Dalfopristin, Rifampicin and Trovafloxacin

Summary The release of teichoic acids (TA) and lipoteichoic acids (LTA) from 30 different strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae during exposure to ceftriaxone, meropenem, quinupristin/dalfopristin, rifampicin and trovafloxacin at concentrations of 10 μg/ml and of the respective MIC was determined by an enzyme immunoassay. At 10 μg/ml the most rapid and intense release was detected during treatment with the β-lactam antibiotics ceftriaxone and meropenem, the lowest release was seen with rifampicin and quinupristin/dalfopristin. Trovafloxacin delayed the release of TA/LTA. The maximum concentrations of TA/LTA, however, during trovafloxacin treatment were almost as high as those during exposure to ceftriaxone and meropenem. During exposure to the MIC, ceftriaxone, meropenem, rifampicin and trovafloxacin released significantly higher amounts of TA/LTA than during exposure to 10 μg/ml (p < 0.01). Only quinupristin/dalfopristin released small amounts of TA/LTA at the low and high concentration. In conclusion, at high concentrations antibiotics that do not affect the bacterial cell wall released less pro-inflammatory compounds from S. pneumoniae than ceftriaxone and meropenem. This may be of value in the treatment of meningitis and sepsis. Received: May 18, 1999 · Revision accepted: December 8, 1999     

Spontaneous Spondylodiscitis Caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae

Summary A rare case of spontaneous spondylodiscitis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in a 55-year-old man who presented with thoracolumbar pain is described. Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein level were pertinent laboratory findings. Computed tomography revealed a paravertebral mass and destruction of the 10th and 11th vertebrae. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed spondylodiscitis in the same area. Culture of a biopsy sample from the mass grew Klebsiella pneumoniae, while histological examination confirmed the inflammation. A combination of ceftazidime, amikacin and ciprofloxacin resulted in disappearance of the pain. Two months later, MRI showed substantial improvement of the lesions. Received: March 19, 1999 · Accepted: September 19, 1999     

1例新生儿耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌合并金黄色葡萄球菌感染的药学监护

1例新生儿因"早产儿、新生儿湿肺"收住入院。入院后气管插管末端细菌培养为耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌、脐静脉导管培养为敏感金黄色葡萄球菌,临床药师经分析建议分别给予氨曲南、头孢他啶抗感染治疗,经过积极治疗,患儿细菌培养结果呈阴性,感染指标下降,症状好转出院。临床药师在参与重点病例的治疗过程中,能有效协助医生解决治疗难点,提供药学角度的专业性建议,确保患儿治疗安全有效,体现了临床药师的专业价值。     

Outbreak of Mycoplasma pneumoniae at a military academy

In 2019,an outbreak of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M.pneumoniae) occurred at a military academy in China.The attack rate (10.08％,60/595) was significantly different among the units.High-intensity training and crowded environments to which cadets are exposed are the high risk factors for the outbreak of M.pneumoniae.In-time prevention and control measures effectively controlled the spread of the epidemic.     

2016—2018年河南省儿童医院细菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解河南省儿童医院2016—2018年临床分离菌株的分布及常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,为儿科临床合理用药提供依据。方法 选择2016—2018年所有临床分离菌株,采用Phoenix 100微生物分析仪和纸片扩散法进行药敏实验,按照历年CLSI标准判读药敏结果,用WHONET5.6软件进行耐药性分析。 结果 2016—2018年共收集临床非重复分离株21404株,其中革兰阳性菌7772株,占36.3%,革兰阴性菌13632株,占63.7%。无菌体液标本共分离出致病菌2312株,排在前三位的细菌为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。 3105株非脑脊液分离的肺炎链球菌中青霉素不敏感率为0.5%。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)平均检出率分别为34.2%和72.0%;MRSA和MRCNS对绝大多数测试抗菌药物的耐药率均显著高于甲氧西林敏感株金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MSCNS)。对万古霉素和利奈唑胺不敏感的葡萄球菌未检出。检出耐万古霉素屎肠球菌1株,未发现对万古霉素不敏感的粪肠球菌。流感嗜血菌β-内酰胺酶阳性率为53.7%,除了对复方磺胺甲噁唑的耐药率高于80.0%外,对大多数抗菌药物比较敏感。 2016—2018年大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)的检出率依次为70.4%、72.1%和66.6%,大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯仍高度敏感,3年来其对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率都低于10.0%。2016—2018年肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBL检出率依次为61.3%、75.6%和72.0%,对亚胺培南的耐药率为39.3%、32.7%和43.1%,对美罗培南的历年耐药率为40.4%、30.8%和43.2%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为22.8%和19.6%。鲍曼不动杆菌对美罗培南和亚胺培南的耐药率均为60.5%。结论 多重耐药细菌在儿童中的形势严峻,威胁着儿科临床的抗感染治疗,应加强耐药监测和采取行之有效的感染控制措施。