In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of Whole and Half Tablets of Sustained-Release Adinazolam Mesylate

The mechanism of release from sustained-release adinazolam mesylate tablets was assessed by the Higuchi equation and by analysis of drug release profiles through 60% released using the Peppas equation. Computed values of the diffusional exponent, n, ranged from 0.59 to 0.66. Values of n in this range are consistent with a mixed mechanism of release, with diffusion of drug through the hydrated polymer matrix and relaxation of this matrix being the principal processes controlling release. The rate of in vitro drug release was increased for half tablets relative to whole tablets and is attributed to an increase in the surface to volume ratio of half tablets of about 16%. This increase in surface-to-volume ratio of half tablets was reflected by an increase in the constant, k, from the Peppas equation of 20–23% and by an increase in the slope of Higuchi plots of 12–18% for four lots of tablets. In vivo/in vitro relationships from two bioavailability studies were thoroughly evaluated. Using either a linear or a quadratic relationship, an in vivo/in vitro correlation exists for sustained-release adinazolam mesylate tablets.     

V型斜视伴原发性下斜肌功能过强的治疗

目的 探讨Ⅴ型斜视伴原发性下斜肌功能过强的治疗效果。方法根据手术方式将49例Ⅴ型斜视伴下斜肌功能过强惠者分为四组，分别采用水平肌加强减弱术不联合下斜肌切断减弱术（Ⅰ组）、联合单侧下斜肌切断减弱术（Ⅱ组）、联合双侧下斜肌对等切断减弱术（Ⅲ组）及联合双侧下斜肌不对等切断并部分切除减弱术（Ⅳ组）治疗Ⅴ型斜视。结果Ⅴ型斜视伴原发性下斜肌功能过强采用四种方式治疗后，眼位正位，下斜肌功能亢进改善＋～＋＋，双侧下斜肌功能对等，术前术后原在位度数和上下注视25。斜视角之差的差异有非常显著性（P〈0．001）。结论根据单侧或双侧下斜肌功能过强的具体情况来选择不同的手术方式治疗Ⅴ型斜视伴原发性下斜肌功能过强，眼位矫正满意，同时手术方式简单、安全有效。     

Inhibin and renin in follicular fluids of patients with one or two ovaries stimulated with a GnRH agonist and gonadotrophins

Follicular fluids from eight patients with one ovary and from ten patients with two ovaries were investigated for bioactive inhibin, total renin, oestradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) concentrations. Four follicular fluids were pooled per patient before assessment. All women had been stimulated similarly using a protocol including a GnRH agonist, HMG and HCG. Renin levels were significantly lower and P4 significantly higher in pools of follicular fluid from patients with one ovary, whereas inhibin and E2 concentrations were similar in both patient groups. A significant negative correlation was found in the pools of follicular fluid between inhibin and E2 in both groups. These results suggest a role for inhibin and renin in the paracrine and autocrine control of stimulated follicular development.     

Is cholic acid responsible for embryo-toxicity of the post-receptive uterine environment?

HPLC analysis of the embryo-toxic fraction of human uterinefluid, collected between the 22nd and 25th days of the menstrualcycle, revealed the presence of cholic acid at high concentrations.It is suggested that cholic acid could be responsible for theembryo-toxicity of the uterine environment, which follows thereceptive period for implantation.     

良性前列腺增生中医证型与尿动力学参数相关性研究

目的:探讨良性前列腺增生(BPH)中医证型与尿动力学参数的相关性。方法:152例BPH患者,中医辨证分为肾阴不足、肾阳虚弱、瘀阻水道、脾气虚弱、肺热气郁、湿热下注、痰浊郁结七型,均进行尿动力学检查。结果:152例BPH患者中,肾阳虚弱型71例(46.71%),瘀阻水道型40例(26.31%),肾阴不足型14例(9.21%)。膀胱出口梗阻为III～VI度肾阳虚弱型有58例,瘀阻水道型有38例,其中严重梗阻(V～VI)26例。膀胱逼尿肌收缩功能极弱中(n=12),肾阳虚弱型4例,占33.33%(4/12),瘀阻水道型7例,占58.33%(7/12);膀胱逼尿肌收缩功能弱者中(n=48),肾阳虚弱型为27例,占56.25%(27/48),瘀阻水道型17例,占35.42%(17/48)。结论:BPH中医各辨证分型与膀胱出口梗阻和膀胱逼尿肌收缩力有一定的相关性,从而为中医证型的量化和客观化提供相应的证据。     

Five‐Year Follow‐up After Sacral Neuromodulation: Single Center Experience

Objective. We studied long‐term clinical efficacy of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) therapy in patients with refractory urgency incontinence (UI), urgency/frequency (UF) and voiding difficulty (VD), together with urodynamic data at baseline and six   months postimplant. Materials and Methods. Twenty‐two patients were implanted with a neurostimulator after a positive response to a percutaneous nerve evaluation test defined as a greater than 50% improvement in symptoms. Results. At five‐year follow‐up, the number of incontinent episodes and pad usage per day decreased significantly in 10 out of 15 UI patients. Two of five UF patients were successfully treated with SNM; the number of daily voids for all UF patients decreased from 25 to 19 and average voided volume increased from 98 to 212 mL. One of the two VD patients was able to void to completion. Mean first sensation of filling at the six‐month urodynamic investigation for the UI and UF patients increased from 78 to 241 mL and 141 to 232 mL, respectively, and the maximum bladder capacity increased from 292 to 352 mL and 223 to 318 mL, respectively. Five of 22 patients underwent device explant and one patient still has an inactive stimulator implanted. Conclusion. SNM is an effective treatment modality that offers sustained clinical benefit in the majority of patients with refractory UI, UF, and VD that do not respond to other, more conservative therapies.     

Th1/Th2炎症极化与肺气肿和肺纤维化

肺气肿具有Ⅰ型T辅助细胞（Th1）炎症极化的特征，表现为损伤过度和修复不足，肺实质的破坏增加，肺间质变薄。与之相反，肺纤维则具有Ⅱ型T辅助细胞（Th2）炎症极化，表现为损伤后修复过度，肺间质增厚，胶原沉积。通过调控Th1和Th2的炎症趋势来控制肺组织的损伤和修复的结局可能会为肺气肿和肺纤维化的防治提供新思路。     

Choice of general practice for postgraduate training among medical graduates and undergraduates in Nigeria

A questionnaire survey of career choices was carried out among 112 medical graduates, after one year's internship (group I), during their National Youth Corps programme in Kaduna, Lagos, Cross River and Oyo states of Nigeria, and 365 final-year medical undergraduates (group 2) in the colleges of medicine in the corresponding states. A total of 13% in group I and 40% in group 2 were undecided as regards their first choice. Obstetrics and gynaecology was the most popular first choice in both groups. General practice ranked fifth among group I, but displaced surgery to rank second among group 2. The differences were statistically significant. A total of 41% of group I and 46% of group 2 preferred to work in a teaching hospital, reflecting the high preference for surgical specialties. Twenty-six per cent and 33.7% of respondents in groups 1 and 2 respectively wished to own their own practice or work in the private sector. General practice is a new specialty and its growth is supported by a national postgraduate training programme. A shift towards general practice is seen compared with previous studies of career preference among Nigerian medical graduates and students. This may be due to a changing balance of supply and demand in the medical work-force, or a better assessment of the nation's health problems and manpower needs.     

Bayesian estimation of a random effects heteroscedastic probit model

Summary Bayesian analysis is given of a random effects binary probit model that allows for heteroscedasticity. Real and simulated examples illustrate the approach and show that ignoring heteroscedasticity when it exists may lead to biased estimates and poor prediction. The computation is carried out by an efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling scheme that generates the parameters in blocks. We use the Bayes factor, cross‐validation of the predictive density, the deviance information criterion and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves for model comparison.