Autologous osteochondral transplantation using the diamond bone-cutting system (DBCS): 6–12 years’ follow-up of 35 patients with osteochondral defects at the knee joint

Thirty-five patients with severe osteochondral defects were treated by autologous osteochondral transplantation between 1986 and 1992. The majority of patients (27) suffered from osteochondrosis dissecans, while 8 patients presented with posttraumatic osteochondral defects. The grafts were harvested with a diamond bone cutter from the posterior part of the medial or lateral femoral condyle. In 29 patients the lesion was located at the lateral part of the medial femoral condyle, in 3 it was at the lateral femoral condyle, and in 3 at the patella. Twenty-nine patients could be examined at the follow-up between 6 and 12 years later (mean follow up 8.1 years). Using the standard cartilage evaluation form, the transplanted knees of 12 patients were graded as normal (grade I), 14 knees were nearly normal (grade II), while 3 patients presented with an abnormal result (grade III). All 3 of them had a varus malalignment and refused a high tibial correction osteotomy against our advice. No patient was assessed as severely abnormal (grade IV). The majority of patients improved their activity level and the functional status of the joint. Twelve patients developed new radiological signs of osteoarthrosis with a decrease in the radiological score of Kellgren and Lawrence by about one stage. We conclude that autologous osteochondral transplantation with the diamond bone-cutting system is an effective method in the treatment of severe osteochondral defects. Received: 17 April 2000     

Possibility of "distraction arthrogenesis": first report in rabbit model

We investigated the possibility of articular cartil-age distraction for use in reconstructing joint structure and for increasing the donor site of osteochondral grafts. Intraarticular osteotomy was performed at the femoral condyle in 12 Japanese white rabbits. The bone segment was fixed with a specially designed external fixator. After a 3-week waiting period, distraction was performed intermittently for 3 weeks (0.7 mm × 3 times per week) in the distraction group (n = 7) and, in the remaining animals (gap group; n = 5), a gap of 6.3 mm in length was made at surgery. All rabbits received etidronate injections (20 mg/kg ×2 times per week) for 5 weeks, to slow mineralization. The femoral condyle was harvested 9 weeks postoperatively and decalcified sagittal sections were stained and evaluated, using a histological grading scale. In the distraction group, distraction of 4.2 ± 1.4 mm was achieved, and the distracted cartilage area was filled with regenerated cartilage, without any gap between the regenerated and the adjacent articular cartilage. This regenerated cartilage showed metachromasia with toluidine blue. In the gap group, newly formed cartilage tissue was folded from the edge of the osteotomy site and fibrous tissue was interposed in the gap. The histological grading score was significantly lower in the distraction group (P < 0.02). Our preliminary results demonstrated the possibility of cartilage distraction; however, long-term observation will be necessary to confirm the characteristics of the distracted cartilage. We may call the process "distraction arthrogenesis", because the entire articular entity, which consists of cartilage, subchondral bone, and bone, could be distracted at once. Received: April 5, 2001 / Accepted: July 15, 2001     

生物力学因素在激素性股骨头坏死中对软骨细胞的作用

目的建立大鼠激素性股骨头坏死正常负重和超负重模型,探究力学因素在激素性股骨头坏死中对于软骨细胞的作用。方法4月龄健康Wistar大鼠随机分成实验组与对照组。臀肌注射地塞米松磷酸钠(20mg/kg),每周1次,共计8w。实验组,置于1km/h跑步机中,强迫动物跑动,形成股骨头坏死超负重模型;对照组,生理状态下正常负重。分别于2、4、6、8w处死大鼠,取右侧股骨头标本,行免疫组织化学法Bcl-2和MMP-1染色,比较不同组之间的累计光密度(IOD)值。取左侧股骨头行组织病理学检查。结果实验组Bcl-2和MMP-1累计光密度(IOD)与对照组比较,第4周起有明显统计学差异(P0.05)。实验组Bcl-2和MMP-1表达随激素注射时间增加有统计学意义(P0.05),q检验显示实验组Bcl-2和MMP-1表达从4w开始两两之间有统计学意义,8w时表达最多(P0.05)。实验组8w时病理学呈股骨头坏死表现。结论力学因素通过影响Bcl-2和MMP-1的生成,调节着软骨细胞的凋亡,促进软骨组织的改建。     

自体软骨细胞修复关节软骨缺损的机制探讨

目的:观察团块样自体软骨细胞植入关节软骨缺损后的病理变化,探讨自体软骨细胞移植修复关节软骨缺损的病理生理机制。方法:24只3.0kg以上4～6月龄新西兰大白兔,雌雄不限,随机分为两组:实验组和对照组。实验组12只,20%的速眠新(1mg/kg)肌肉注射麻醉后取肩关节软骨组织,0.2%Ⅱ型胶原酶消化分离软骨细胞,体外单层培养,细胞长成肉眼可见的膜状后收集固体的组织样细胞团,动物再次麻醉制造双膝股骨滑车4.0mm×6.0mm方形缺损,植入细胞团块,骨膜覆盖,缝合骨膜于双股骨髁上。对照组12只,同实验组手术方法进行缺损单纯骨膜移植。1、3、12、24周两组各3只动物空气栓塞处死取材,观察细胞团块变化和缺损修复情况。结果:1周时软骨细胞朝向关节面部分细胞变大变圆,产生大量基质;3周时此种变化更加明显,但骨膜与细胞团块已然不能分开;12周时缺损为类透明软骨组织修复;24周时修复组织为透明软骨样组织,对照组为纤维软骨组织修复。结论:关节软骨细胞体外聚集培养形成的细胞团块内的细胞有迁移生长能力;细胞团块移植方法植入的细胞数量大,表型好,细胞在缺损内不会流失;关节软骨缺损修复是由植入的细胞团块生长分化而来;自体关节软骨细胞团块植入关节缺损内后,在关节应力的影响下,先从朝向关节面的一侧逐渐发生细胞成熟分化和软骨基质产生,逐渐完成缺损的修复。     

髌股关节软骨与软骨下骨的几何学匹配性及临床意义

目的 测量并比较髌股关节软骨覆盖和软骨下骨的几何形状.方法 2009年1月至2010年3月,选取髌股关节正常的膝关节标本9例,在膝关节屈曲20°～30°位,沿髌骨中心垂直于髌股关节面横行切开,暴露髌股关节,测量骨性髌骨适合角、软骨性髌骨适合角、髌骨软骨顶点参数、髌骨软骨下骨顶点参数、滑车骨性凹点参数和滑车软骨凹点参数.然后在临床中随机选取11例髌股关节软骨覆盖及力线正常患者的髌股关节轴位MRI,测量上述指标,与解剖学研究进行比较.结果 解剖学样本数据:骨性髌骨适合角为(-4.5±1.1)°,软骨性髌骨适合角为(0.5±0.8)°,均为右膝;髌骨软骨顶点参数为1.13±0.11,髌骨软骨下骨顶点参数为1.67±0.14,滑车骨性凹点参数为1.35±0.28,滑车软骨凹点参数为1.38±0.33.骨性髌骨适合角与软骨性髌骨适合角差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),髌骨软骨顶点参数与髌骨软骨下骨顶点参数差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).滑车骨性凹点参数与滑车软骨凹点参数差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).临床影像学样本数据和解剖学数据相近,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 覆盖髌骨软骨的几何形状与软骨下骨的几何形状存在着明显的差异,而股骨滑车软骨与软骨下骨的几何形状基本相似.     

骨关节炎生物标记物COMP的研究进展

血清寡聚基质蛋白(COMP)是骨性关节炎的一个潜在的生物标记物,迄今为止COMP是最先研究的且一直被认为能较好反映骨性关节炎发生、进展及预后情况的生物学指标。本文简要阐述其多重用途,并总结先前的研究报道以促进对COMP的进一步研究。     

成年人股骨髁剥脱性骨软骨炎的外科治疗

目的 探讨成年人不同类型股骨髁剥脱性骨软骨炎（OCD）治疗方法.方法 采用回顾性研究方法.纳入标准：18岁以上成年人,股骨髁OCD,采用外科治疗,术后随访24个月以上.排除标准：青少年OCD,非手术治疗患者,术后失随访患者.回顾2007年1月～2011年7月治疗股骨髁OCD 32例,男23例,女9例,男∶女为2.6：1,平均年龄23.6岁（18～52岁）.关节镜下病灶清理、微骨折10例,关节镜下用可吸收软骨钉（SmartNail; ConMed Linvatec,Largo,FL）固定骨软骨片12例,切开复位、AO钛合金空心钉固定骨软骨片8例,外侧单髁置换2例.术前、术后用Lysholm评分和主观IKDC评分评定膝关节功能.结果 本组32例患者平均随访时间35.8个月（24～52个月）.术前Lysholm评分平均（53.77±4.48）分,术后平均（90.89±4.42）分（t=-266.01,P〈0.01）;主观IKDC评分术前平均（58.50±5.99）分,术后平均（92.15±4.16）分（t=-87.62,P〈0.01）.结论 不同类型、不同时期股骨髁OCD有不同治疗选择,选择适当的治疗方法可获得良好的临床疗效,晚期治疗医疗成本增加.     

细胞因子与骨性关节炎软骨退变的研究现状

骨性关节炎是最常见关节疾患之一,是导致中老年残疾的最常见原因,严重危害着中老年人的生活质量。骨性关节炎的主要病理是软骨的改变,软骨细胞分解和合成活动的平衡有助于维持软骨细胞外基质结构和功能的完整性,而软骨细胞的这种平衡受到细胞因子制约,本文就近年来细胞因子与OA软骨退变之间的研究现状综述。     

Abnormal expression of Col X, PTHrP, TGF-β, bFGF, and VEGF in cartilage with Kashin–Beck disease

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the abnormal expression of Col X, PTHrP, TGF-β, bFGF, and VEGF in cartilage from patients with Kashin–Beck disease (KBD) to understand the pathogenesis of chondronecrosis in KBD. Articular cartilage and growth plate cartilage collected were divided into four groups: control children (8 samples, 5 cases), KBD children (19 samples, 9 cases), control adults (8 samples, 6 cases), and KBD adults (16 samples, 15 cases). The presence of PTHrP, TGF-β₁, bFGF, VEGF, and collagen X in articular cartilage and in growth plate cartilage was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Articular cartilage and growth plate were each divided in three zones, and the rate of positive cells was counted by light microscope for cytoplasmic and pericellular staining. Results showed that (1) in KBD children, Col X expression was lower in the deep zone of growth plate cartilage than in normal children; in articular cartilage of KBD adults, however, collagen X expression was higher in the middle zone compared to the controls; (2) staining for bFGF, PTHrP, TGF-β₁, and VEGF in KBD adult patients was prominent in the chondrocyte clusters and the eroded surface of articular cartilage, and the percentage of chondrocyte staining was significantly higher than in control samples (t = 3.64–10.34, df = 12 for children and 19 for adults, P = 0.002–0.0001); and (3) the enhanced PTHrP, TGF-β₁, and VEGF staining in the deep and middle zone of KBD articular cartilage correlated with the high incidence of chondronecrosis in the middle zone (48.5% ± 10.2%) and deep zone (70.6% ± 27.0%) of adult KBD cartilage. In conclusion, Col X expression was reduced in areas of chondrocyte necrosis in the deep zone of KBD articular cartilage, indicating changes in terminal chondrocyte differentiation. PTHrP, TGF-β₁, and VEGF expression was significantly altered and indicated degenerative changes in KBD cartilage, which initially resemble those occurring in osteoarthritis, but lead eventually to chondronecrosis, an event not observed in osteoarthritis.     

3D延迟增强MR成像(dGEMRIC)检测髋关节发育不良中退变软骨的价值评估

目的采用3D延迟增强MR成像(d GEMRIC)来检测软骨内成分变化,同时探讨d GEMRIC评估髋关节发育不良中退变软骨的价值。方法选取本院2012年8月-2014年12月期间经X线片证实为髋关节发育不良者40例为研究对象,共70个髋关节。通过采用问卷调查其疼痛情况,并进行常规MR序列扫描及3D-d GEMRIC检查。于X线片上测量其外侧中心-边缘角,然后再结合X线片及MRI对患者髋关节进行骨性关节炎(OA)Toniss分级。早期OA组为:Toniss 1级;正常组:患者无疼痛且Toniss为0级。本次研究采用MR扫描仪来完成髋关节3D-d GEMRIC数据采集,并进行放射状重组,选取患者髋关节6个位置来测量其软骨d GEMRIC指数。结果 Toniss0级d GEMRIC指数平均为(579.6±25.6)ms,Toniss 1级平均为(500.2±18.9)ms,Toniss2级平均为(438.9±17.6)ms;Toniss 2级明显低于Toniss 1级,P<0.05;而Toniss1级明显低于Toniss 0级,P<0.05。早期OA组中,其前部和前上部及上前部、上部软骨d GEMRIC指数明显低于正常组,P<0.05;正常组中,患者关节上前部d GEMRIC指数明显低于上部区域,P<0.05;早期OA组中,除前上部外,上前部d GEMRIC指数明显低于其他区域,P<0.05。结论检测d GEMRIC可有利于临床诊断髋关节发育中退变软骨病变及分期。