上海市婴幼儿血铅水平与体格发育的关系

目的探讨低水平铅暴露对儿童体格发育的影响。方法在上海市5个区县30所托幼机构,对1969名儿童进行了血铅水平的流行病学调查和体格发育等指标测量,并根据儿童身高、体重、头围和胸围计算其Z标准分,然后与血铅水平进行相关分析和逐步回归分析。结果上海市儿童血铅水平几何均数为0．400μmol／L,≥0．483μmol／L的比例为37．8％,血铅水平的几何均数与儿童身高、体重及头围的Z标准分呈显著的负相关。结论低水平铅暴露对上海市婴幼儿的体格发育可能具有不利影响。     

中毒剂量锌对大鼠小肠粘膜超微结构的影响

目的：阐明中毒剂量锌对肠粘膜免疫屏障结构的影响及其机理。方法：通过建立常锌（ＺＮ）、中毒剂量锌（ＺＰ）大鼠模型,应用病理形态学手段（电镜）对大鼠肠道粘膜的超微结构进行研究。结果：第４周末和第７周末血浆、红细胞膜和肠组织的锌含量ＺＰ组明显高于ＺＮ组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。第四周末和第七周末ＺＰ组光镜下肠粘膜未见异常改变;但是电镜下见肠道粘膜超微结构的严重损害。结论：中毒剂量锌可以引起肠道粘膜超微结构的严重损害;屏障功能削弱,大鼠小肠粘膜的免疫防御能力降低。     

Indicators of cardiovascular risk among workers exposed to high intermittent levels of carbon disulphide

The effects of exposure to carbon disulphide have been studied mostly among workers in the viscous rayon industry, where the usual exposure profile has been relatively steady exposure over work shifts. We investigated 13 workers in a small chemical company who were exposed to low levels, peaking intermittently to relatively high levels in the range of 100-200 ppm at the end of the work shift, a pattern that may change the risk profile. Our investigation was part of a compliance order that was fought by the company and our access and follow-up was limited. Two workers had burns on their bodies associated with exposure to caustic. Four had elevations in total serum cholesterol, one had elevated serum triglycerides and three had elevations in fasting blood glucose--two of them were known to be diabetics before employment and one had a history of unexplained peripheral neuropathy. No consistent pattern suggestive of a defined lipoprotein abnormality was obvious but several atherogenic profiles were observed. Five had abnormalities on electrocardiogram, four of whom appeared to be among the most heavily exposed. The presence of these changes taken together in this context may suggest accelerated atherosclerotic changes. Tests of liver and kidney function were within the normal range for all workers, as was a complete blood count. Four of the workers had evidence of a bilateral reduction in hearing threshold at 4,000 Hz. A complete set of recommendations was forwarded to the employer, emphasizing further control of exposure to carbon disulphide, personal protection requirements and a cardiovascular risk reduction programme. Conditions improved in the plant following modifications introduced in response to a stop work order from the provincial government's occupational health and safety agency. However, a fire in 1998 put the company out of business and ended further follow-up or interventions. We conclude that these findings, while difficult to interpret because of the circumstances of the investigation, are compatible with an atherogenic effect of exposure to peaking levels of carbon disulphide. The observation should be tested in a larger population with fewer confounding factors and greater control over the investigation.     

刺梨利康饮对慢性汞中毒脂质过氧化损害的拮抗作用

用８３７－４９μｍｏｌ／Ｌ 含汞水饲养大鼠８ 周,复制出慢性汞中毒模型,然后分别自由饮用含维生素Ｃ６８１２－７６μｍｏｌ／Ｌ 的利康饮和ｉｐ １２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ 二巯基丙磺酸钠（ＤＭＰＳ）３ 周,探讨利康饮和ＤＭＰＳ 对慢性汞中毒大鼠尿汞排泄和脂质过氧化损害的影响。结果发现,慢性汞中毒引起血清、肝、脑和肾还原型谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ） 含量显著降低,血清、肝、脑和肾丙二醛（ ＭＤＡ） 含量、尿蛋白含量及尿碱性磷酸酶（ＡＫＰ） 活性显著升高;利康饮可显著增加尿汞排泄和血清维生素Ｃ 含量,并使慢性汞中毒引起的血清、肝、脑和肾ＧＳＨ 含量显著回升,血清、脑和肾ＭＤＡ 含量、尿蛋白含量及尿ＡＫＰ 活性显著回降;ＤＭＰＳ 虽有明显促进尿汞排泄效果和使血清ＭＤＡ 含量显著回降的作用,但对慢性汞中毒引起的其它脂质过氧化损害指标影响不明显。结果表明,刺梨利康饮具有一定排汞效果,并对慢性汞中毒引起的机体抗氧化功能降低和脂质过氧化损害具有明显拮抗作用。     

一起布伦登卢普沙门氏菌食物中毒调查

报道了对一起食物中毒的调查.参加婚宴者131人,其中117人先后在餐后5～56h发生中毒.分析参加婚宴者进食不同食物后的发病情况,认为中毒与进食几种被污染的菜肴有关.现场调查,对可疑食物、中毒者与婚宴食物加工与服务人员粪便标本的检验结果,证实这起食物中毒是因为从业人员中的布伦登卢普沙门氏菌(S.Braenderup)带菌者污染食物所致.提示应加强食品从业人员的健康检查和职业道德教育.以避免类似事件的发生.     

Haemodynamic study as guideline for the use of beta blockers in acute theophylline poisoning

It has been proposed that -blocker therapy reverses metabolic and cardiovascular disorders in acute theophylline poisoning. We present a case of acute theophylline overdose treated with esmolol under haemodynamic control. Haemodynamic monitoring was useful in determining the appropriate duration of administration of esmolol and in deciding on treatment with fluids.     

Effect of delayed administration of activated charcoal on nortriptyline absorption

Summary Activated charcoal is known to reduce the absorption of therapeutic doses of nortriptyline in vivo when administered 30 min after drug ingestion. In a group of volunteers, one sachet (10 g) of a new activated charcoal preparation, Medicoal was found to produce a highly significant reduction in nortriptyline absorption when given as long as four hours after nortriptyline dosing. Activated charchoal may therefore be useful in the treatment of tricyclic antide-pressant poisoning even if a delay of several hours ensues before medical help is sought.     

An acute fatal occupational cadmium poisoning by inhalation

Summary A 43-year-old male smelter was admitted to a hospital on account of severe dyspnea about 2 days after exposure to brownish-yellow smoke produced by melting of copper scrap. On admission pronounced hypoxemia was revealed, and an oxygen-enriched gas was administered after intubation. Although inspired oxygen concentration was gradually increased, hypoxemia progressed and he died on day 11 in hospital.The principal autopsy finding was chiefly confined to the lungs. Both lungs were heavy (the left weighing 1,470 g; the right 1,710 g) and firm to the touch. Histologically, no normal alveoli were found throughout the entire lung. Some alveolar spaces were occupied by pneumocytes, others by organized exudate with fibrosis. Interstitial fibrosis was present. Patchy areas of inflammatory cell infiltrations as well as intra-alveolar hemorrhages were observed. On the basis of the above findings a diagnosis of diffuse alveolar damage was made.Based on the available evidence (presence of cadmium in the copper scrap, feature of the smoke, clinical signs with latent time, and high cadmium concentration of the lung), the diffuse alveolar damage was considered to have been caused by inhaled cadmium. The pulmonary change of the present case was more advanced in pathologic stage in comparison with those reported in the literature.     

Electroencephalographic effects of cigarette smoking

The effects of cigarette smoking on the electroencephalogram (EEG) of smokers were examined in a study involving both task and no-task conditions. Nonsmoking subjects were employed as controls. In light inhaling smokers, (depth of inhalation inferred from preto post-smoking changes in tidal breath carbon monoxide), smoking was found to attenuate EEG activity in the delta, theta, and alpha frequency bands, as well as facilitate behavioral performance. For theta, the attenuation was lateralized over the right frontal cerebral hemisphere. In deep inhaling smokers, smoking produced a symmetrical central midline increase in beta2 magnitude, an EEG effect that in the benzodiazepine literature is associated with anxiety relief.A preliminary version of these data was presented during the symposium Psychophysiology of Nicotine, held at the Thirtieth Annual Convention of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, Boston, October, 1990     

Oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide elimination during epinephrine-induced arrhythmias in humans

Key words  cardiac arrhythmias - oxygen uptake - carbon dioxide elimination