Might Men Diagnosed with Metastatic Prostate Cancer Benefit from Definitive Treatment of the Primary Tumor? A SEER-Based Study

Background

Few data exist regarding the impact on survival of definitive treatment of the prostate in men diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa).

Objective

To evaluate the survival of men diagnosed with mPCa based on definitive treatment of the prostate.

Design, setting, and participants

Men with documented stage IV (M1a–c) PCa at diagnosis identified using Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) (2004–2010) and divided based on definitive treatment of the prostate (radical prostatectomy [RP] or brachytherapy [BT]) or no surgery or radiation therapy (NSR).

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

Kaplan-Meier methods were used to calculate overall survival (OS). Multivariable competing risks regression analysis was used to calculate disease-specific survival (DSS) probability and identify factors associated with cause-specific mortality (CSM).

Results and limitations

A total of 8185 patients were identified: NSR (n = 7811), RP (n = 245), and BT (n = 129). The 5-yr OS and predicted DSS were each significantly higher in patients undergoing RP (67.4% and 75.8%, respectively) or BT (52.6 and 61.3%, respectively) compared with NSR patients (22.5% and 48.7%, respectively) (p < 0.001). Undergoing RP or BT was each independently associated with decreased CSM (p < 0.01). Similar results were noted regardless of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) M stage. Factors associated with increased CSM in patients undergoing local therapy included AJCC T4 stage, high-grade disease, prostate-specific antigen ≥20 ng/ml, age ≥70 yr, and pelvic lymphadenopathy (p < 0.05). The major limitation of this study was the lack of variables from SEER known to influence survival of patients with mPCa, including treatment with systemic therapy.

Conclusions

Definitive treatment of the prostate in men diagnosed with mPCa suggests a survival benefit in this large population-based study. These results should serve as a foundation for future prospective trials.

Patient summary

We used a large population-based cancer database to examine survival in men diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) undergoing definitive therapy for the prostate. Local therapy (LT) appeared to confer a survival benefit. Therefore, we conclude that prospective trials are needed to further evaluate the role of LT in mPCa.     

Underutilization of local salvage therapy after radiation therapy for prostate cancer

ObjectiveTo evaluate the rates at which patients are offered and receive local salvage therapy (LST) after failure of primary radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer, as it is the only potentially curative treatment for localized recurrence but appears to be underutilized when compared with androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) or observation.Materials and methodsPatients with localized prostate cancer who received primary radiotherapy with curative intent between 1999 and 2000 were identified in the British Columbia Tumour Registry. Exclusion criteria included patient age >72 years, prostate-specific antigen>40 ng/ml, and clinical stage T4 at diagnosis. Data on clinicopathologic features, primary therapy, prostate-specific antigen kinetics, and salvage therapy were collected retrospectively. Radiation failure was defined as biochemical recurrence according to the Phoenix criteria or by initiation of salvage therapy.ResultsOf 1,782 patients treated in the study period, 1,067 met inclusion criteria. Of these, 257 failed radiation therapy. Radiation therapy failure was managed with observation (>12 mo) in 126 patients and ADT in 119. Of the observed patients, 66 subsequently received ADT. Five patients (1.8%) received LST (3 radical prostatectomy and 2 brachytherapy).ConclusionsOnly 2% of patients relapsing after radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer received LST. Although the benefits of LST are unproven, these findings reveal a possible underutilization of LST and indicate a need for enhanced collaboration between specialties to optimize care of this challenging cohort.     

CT导向下125I粒子植入治疗恶性肿瘤的临床应用价值

目的：评价CT导向下125I粒子植入治疗恶性肿瘤的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析在CT导向下和采用计算机立体定位系统（TPS）设计后布源125I粒子的29例恶性肿瘤患者的影像资料及随访疗效的结果。结果术后2、4、6个月的总有效率分别为72.4%、82.8%、86.2%,1年局部控制率为73.9%,1年生存率为79.3%。结论 CT导向下125I粒子植入治疗恶性肿瘤具有精确定位,肿瘤靶区高剂量照射,周边组织损伤少,局部疗效显著的优势。     

125Ⅰ粒子覆膜支架对正常兔食管组织的放射性损伤实验研究

目的 观察125I粒子覆膜食管支架对于正常兔食管组织的放射性损伤.方法 将实验用兔分两组,每组各6只,实验组置入125I粒子支架(单颗粒子剂量22.2MBq ×3颗粒子),对照组植入无放射粒子的支架.于支架植入后2、4、8周分别取实验组和对照组兔2只,行食管造影,观察支架、粒子移位情况,处死后取标本行肉眼、显微镜观察.结果 支架释放过程及术后随访未发现125I粒子脱落.所有动物未发现穿孔等严重并发症.实验组术后2周,食管中部仅为轻微的病理学损伤,鳞状上皮明显增生.黏膜卜炎性细胞浸润.术后4周,出现肉芽组织增生,少量纤维组织增生.术后8周,肉芽组织、纤维结缔组织进一步增生.粒子相对处的食管组织损伤程度明显轻于粒子接触处食管组织.对照组支架中间部分食管与正常食管组织相似,可见食管鳞状卜皮轻增生.支架两端实验组和对照组局部增生食管组织覆盖支架,可见肉芽组织、纤维结缔组织明显增牛.结论 125I粒子支架置人正常兔食管壁组织造成病理性改变,主要表现为肉芽组织、纤维结缔组织增生,无出血、穿孔.     

Dose planning variations related to delineation variations in MRI-guided brachytherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer

PurposeTo examine the variability in prescribed dose due to contouring variations in intracavitary image-guided adaptive brachytherapy for cervical cancer. To identify correlations between dosimetric outcomes and delineation uncertainty metrics.Methods and MaterialsA data set from an EMBRACE sub-study on contouring uncertainties was used, consisting of magnetic resonance images of six patients with cervical cancer delineated by 10 experienced observers (target volumes and organs at risk). Two gold standard contours were generated, an expert consensus and the simultaneous truth and performance level estimation. Plans were individually optimised to all of the contour sets (12 in total). Plans were applied to the gold standard contour sets, and dose volume histogram parameters including D₉₀, D₉₈ and D_2cm³ were determined. The variability between plans was assessed. Dose volume histogram parameters and delineation uncertainty metrics were correlated using the Spearman's non-parametric rank correlation.ResultsThere is a dosimetric variability between observers, patients and the gold standard contour used for analysis. Approximately 3 Gy D₉₀ EQD2₁₀ variability (SD) was observed for the CTVHR and 1.2-3.6 Gy D_2cm³ EQD2₃ for the organs at risk. The maximum geometric dimensions of the delineations are most commonly correlated with dosimetry changes. Although the correlations are similar across gold standards, the direction of these correlations differs, indicating that the dosimetric outcomes are dependent on the contour that the plan is optimised to.ConclusionThis study highlights the dosimetric differences interobserver uncertainty in contouring can have for cervical cancer brachytherapy. The importance of carefully choosing a gold standard from which to benchmark is reiterated.     

Evaluating reimbursement of skin radiation therapy: Technique and fractionation

PurposeMultiple skin radiation therapy techniques exist including electron beam therapy, high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy, superficial/orthovoltage, and electronic brachytherapy (EB). The purpose of this analysis was to compare reimbursement between these modalities by fractionation regimen.Methods and MaterialsReimbursement was derived from the 2020 Medicare Physician Fee Schedule by fractionation schedule or from the 2020 Hospital Outpatient Prospective Payment national benchmarks. A secondary analysis evaluating incorporation of daily simulation codes was also performed to factor in coding heterogeneity.ResultsSuperficial/orthovoltage was the least costly and EB the next least costly technique regardless of fractionation. When incorporating variations in coding of simulations, reimbursement with superficial/orthovoltage was still least costly, with a reduction in cost of $1,755, $2,715, $5,076, and $7,436 compared with HDR brachytherapy for 6, 10, 20, and 30 fractions, respectively, and a reduction in cost of $1,325, $2,170, $4,281, and $6,392 compared with EB. HDR brachytherapy and EB costs can increase by 63–110% based on nonrecommended variation in daily simulation billing, with superficial/orthovoltage experiencing the highest relative increase. Reimbursement per course can vary by a factor of 4.5–9.3x depending on the modality and fractionation scheme utilized.ConclusionsSuperficial/orthovoltage followed by EB were the least costly modalities with regard to reimbursement; however, costs can vary with frequency of simulation code billing. Consistency and standardization in skin radiation therapy reimbursement is needed, and case rates within a radiation oncology alternative payment model may help to minimize reimbursement heterogeneity among treatment options.     

术中放疗辅助下早期乳腺癌保乳根治术的临床分析

目的：初步探讨INTRABEAM术中放疗（IORT）辅助下早期乳腺癌保乳根治术的可行性和安全性。 方法：选择2012年11月—2013年7月期间符合入组条件的17例女性早期乳腺癌患者,患者均行IORT辅助下保乳根治术。观察患者术后手术部位的情况,局部并发症以及急性放射损伤的发生率;通过门诊随访方式评判乳房美容效果并分析近期疗效。 结果：所有患者均完成IORT辅助下保乳根治术,术中照射的中位数时间为25（20~35）min。4例患者（23.5%）术后需接受全乳房外照射。术后的早期并发症主要包括残腔积液较多（11.8%）,较明显的皮肤红肿（17.6%）。无明显残腔血肿或者伤口感染病例,患者对术中放疗的耐受性良好。早期随访显示,患侧乳房术后的美容效果优良率76.5%,无复发生存率、无转移生存率、总生存率均为100%。 结论：IORT辅助下保乳根治术用于特定的早期乳腺癌患者是相对安全可行的。     

CT导引下125I粒子植入治疗外照射后复发的恶性肿瘤

目的 评价外照射后复发的恶性肿瘤行CT导引下瘤体内^125I粒子植入治疗的可行性、安全性及疗效。资料与方法 2001年12月至2004年12月,14例外照射后局部复发的恶性肿瘤行CT导引下瘤体内^125I粒子植入,其中原发肿瘤8例,转移瘤6例（11个病灶）,病灶的平均直径为3．25cm。依据粒子植入术前CT图像应用计算机治疗计划系统制定粒子植入计划,按治疗计划在CT导引下穿刺植入^125I粒子。植入^125I粒子数为9．48粒（中位数为28粒）。植入术后立即CT扫描及术后2～6个月CT扫描观察粒子在瘤体内的分布、有无并发症发生及疗效。结果 14例粒子植入均顺利完成,瘤体内粒子分布满意,其中1例植入术后有2粒粒子脱落到体外,未见急性并发症和治疗相关的放射损伤。4例疼痛患者粒子植入术后疼痛均有明显减轻。14例19个病灶粒子植入后完全缓解（CR）5个,部分缓解（PR）9个,无变化（NC）4个,进展（PD）1个,近期总有效率73．7％。结论 对于外照射后复发的恶性肿瘤CT导引下瘤体内^125I粒子植入近距离放射治疗是一种安全、可行的治疗方法,近期肿瘤局部控制率满意,远期疗效有待大组病例进一步观察。     

恶性肿瘤植入放射性125I粒子出现迁移的研究现状与展望

癌症是严重危害人类健康的疾病之一,其发病数和死亡数仍呈持续增加态势,给全球公共卫生系统带来了沉重的负担.在与肿瘤的长期斗争过程中,人们提出了各种各样的方法.100多年前,刚发现伦琴射线不久,人们就开始探索将放射线用于肿瘤的治疗,由此开创了肿瘤放射治疗学.组织间植入放射性粒子治疗肿瘤作为最早开展的近距离放射治疗技术之一,...     

记忆合金支架捆绑碘-125粒子治疗食管癌的临床应用

目的:探讨附有碘-125粒子的医用记忆合金食管支架置入对晚期食管恶性狭窄的疗效．方法:45例晚期食管癌按患者是否愿意接受碘-125粒子支架而将其分为A、B两组,A组为普通自膨式支架,B组为附有碘-125粒子的自膨式食管支架进行治疗．术后随访并发症及生存期．结果:45例患者支架全部顺利置放,支架置入成功率100％,患者吞咽困难均得到明显缓解． A组患者生存时间90-300 d,平均171±56 d．B 组患者生存时间120-450 d,平均316±116 d．两者比较有统计学意义(t=-3．385,P<0．05)．两组均未出现严重并发症．结论:附有碘-125粒子的自膨式食管支架能明显缓解吞咽困难症状,明显提高患者生活质量及生存期,且无严重并发症发生．