Risk factors of type 2 diabetes among Korean adults: The 2001 Korean national health and nutrition examination survey

This study aimed to identify risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Korea, a rapidly changing country. Data of 5,132 adults aged 20-85 were used from the 2001 Korean Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multiple logistic regression was carried out to identify risk factors for T2D. Three models were specified: (i) socioeconomic and demographic factors (model 1: age, gender, education, poverty income ratio, employment), (ii) behavioral risk factors and covariates (model 2: obesity, physical activity, smoking, alcohol drinking, dietary quality, family history of T2D, co-morbidity) and (iii) socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioral factors (model 3). The prevalence of T2D was 7.4%. Less education (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.08-1.84), age (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.56-3.08 in 40-59 yrs, OR 4.05, 95% CI 2.76-5.95 in 60 yrs + comparing to 20-39 yrs) and abdominal obesity (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.79-2.82) were risk factors for T2D even after controlling for other factors simultaneously. There was a significant association of T2D with ever smoking (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.06-1.67). The relationship of age with T2D was modified by gender in model 1 and the relationship of smoking with T2D was modified by obesity in model 2. Less educated, older, obese or ever smokers were more likely to have T2D. Gender mediated the relationship of age, and obesity mediated the relationship of smoking, with T2D. Intervention programs for T2D in Korea should take the interactions among risk factors into account.     

Staged anterior resection and TEM to preserve rectal function in synchronous malignant and benign rectal lesions

BACKGROUND: Traditionally patients with a high rectosigmoid carcinoma and a synchronous large distal rectal adenoma would be treated by low anterior resection with associated loss of rectal function. METHOD: Four patients with a carcinoma of the upper rectum or distal sigmoid colon and a synchronous distal rectal adenoma were treated by high anterior resection followed by staged Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery (TEM) thus conserving the distal rectum. Preoperative and postoperative rectal function was assessed using the St. Mark's incontinence score. RESULTS: The proximal carcinomas and distal adenomas were 12-18 cms and 0.5-9 cms respectively from the dentate line. The mean surface area of the distal adenomas was 9.7 cms2. There were no deaths or major complications. There were no recurrences after a mean follow-up of 31.5 months. Rectal function was unchanged in three patients with a minor increase in the score in one. CONCLUSION: Staged high anterior resection and 'rEM offers effective treatment of synchronous rectosigmoid carcinoma and distal rectal adenoma with preservation of rectal function.     

高温高湿环境下守岛官兵训练时脑血流和脑电生理的变化研究

目的 探讨高温高湿环境下守岛官兵训练前后脑血流和脑电生理的变化,为临床防治热致疾病提供依据.方法 从守岛官兵中随机抽取在常温常湿环境下温度(27.40±1.37)℃,湿度(50.25±6.76)%]新兵100名为常温新兵组,高温高湿环境下(温度≥35℃,湿度≥80%)新兵100名为高温新兵组;高温高湿环境下服役2～3 年的官兵100名为高温老兵组.受试者负重15 kg,分次在3000 m/15 min,5000 m/30 min和10 000 m/45 min内完成跑步训练.10 000 m训练后,根据受试者脑血流高低又分为脑血流增高组(24名)、脑血流降低组(46名)和脑血流正常组(230名).训练前后行经颅多普勒血流诊断仪和脑电图仪检测.结果 (1)3000 m训练后3组受试官兵脑平均血流速度(Vm)较训练前均显著增高(P＜0.01),但5000 m和10 000 m训练后,常温新兵组降低6%和16%,高温老兵组降低5%和15%,高温新兵组降低14%和31%,比常温新兵组和高温老兵组低(P＜0.01);(2)10 000 m训练前后3组脑电图均在正常范围,3组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);(3)10 000 m训练后脑血流增高组和降低组脑电图比正常血流组活跃(P＜0.01).结论 高温高湿环境下10 000 m训练对官兵的脑血流有较大的影响,但对脑电生理无影响,老兵在此环境下则表现出较好的热耐受力和适应性.     

History of haemophilia

Summary.  Haemophilia, an ancient disease, now has sophisticated methods for diagnosis and treatment. The genetically missing factors can now be supplied by fractionation of human-derived (HD) plasma or with recombinant technology (r). Making therapeutic choices is complicated by past transfusion-transmitted diseases. HD and r products now have similar safety profiles. Several diseases have only HD products for treatment. These products remain important in our treatment armamentarium.     

心肌梗死后死亡率的性别差异前瞻性研究

目的:比较心肌梗死(MI)患者的特征、处置与病死率在性别方面的差异。方法:收集1998～2004年在贵阳医学院附属医院住院的首次MI患者856例男性和587例女性资料并随访至2005年6月,分析比较MI患者的临床特征、处置与病死率在性别方面的差异。结果:在随访期有351例(41.00%)男性和283例(48.21%)女性死亡。单因素分析显示女性有较高的病死率(风险率1.44,95%CI为1.24～1.67,P<0.01),但经过年龄、吸烟、伴存疾病、心血管病病史、糖尿病、高血压和情感抑郁等多因素调整后无差异(风险率1.01,95%CI为0.87～1.19,P>0.05)。MI后1个月内女性有较高的病死率(风险率1.53,95%CI为1.19～1.96,P<0.01),但经过上述多因素调整后无差异(风险率1.03,95%CI为0.78～1.36,P>0.05)。分析用药的情况发现女性使用他汀类药物比例高(调整后OR=1.47,95%CI为1.09～1.96,P<0.01),而β受体阻滞剂较少(调整后OR=0.77,95%CI为0.59～1.00,P<0.05)。其他2级预防药物及溶栓药物无差异。结论:男、女性在MI预后差别的主要原因在于患者的年龄、处置和多因素的影响,如果女性患者能得到相同的处置,则生存率将与男性相同。     

活血软坚方对大鼠膜性肾小球肾炎肾小管间质损害影响的实验研究

目的：观察活血软坚方对大鼠膜性肾小球肾炎（MN）肾小管间质损害的影响，并探讨活血软坚中药对MN伴发小管间质损伤的作用机制。方法：用阳离子化牛血清白蛋白复制大鼠MN模型，将实验动物随机分为正常组、模型组、雷公藤组、治疗组，观察24h尿蛋白、血浆白蛋白、胆固醇、三酰甘油、血肌酐、尿素氮等生化指标，并对肾组织进行光镜、电镜、免疫荧光观察；采用RT—PCR的方法检测ColⅠmRNA和ColⅢmRNA的表达。结果：本方能明显降低蛋白尿及血清胆固醇、三酰甘油、血肌酐、尿素氮，升高血清白蛋白，减少免疫复合物沉积，改善肾小球及肾小管的病理损伤。结论：活血软坚方能减轻尿蛋白对肾小管的损伤，减少细胞外基质在肾间质的积聚，减轻肾脏病理损伤，从而达到保护肾功能的作用。     

National survey on the management of primary hyperparathyroidism by Swiss endocrinologists

Background From the endocrine surgeon’s perspective, it is important to know how endocrinologists manage patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT). The aim of this survey was to evaluate the preoperative diagnostic workup and referral pattern for parathyroidectomy by Swiss endocrinologists. Materials and methods The survey was conducted by mailing a questionnaire to all members of the Swiss Society for Endocrinology and Diabetes in spring 2005. Results The questionnaire was sent back by 68 of 124 endocrinologists (55%). The median annual case volume of patients with pHPT was 6 (range 1–50). The mean fraction of these patients referred for surgery was 59 ± 24%. This fraction was significantly higher in the German-speaking part of Switzerland than in the French-speaking part (67 ± 21% vs 51 ± 27%). When considering surgery for asymptomatic pHPT, 62% of the endocrinologists rely routinely on the recommendations of the NIH consensus conference and 86% on the subsequent guidelines of the workshop in 2002. Sixty-seven percent of the endocrinologists routinely perform localization studies before possible referral for surgical exploration. Typically, they consisted of an ultrasonography of the neck (93%) and a ^99mTc-MIBI scintigraphy (80%). The impact of the availability of a minimally invasive surgical procedure on the number of patients referred for surgery seems to be considerable. Sixty-one percent of the participants would expand the indication for surgery if the operation could be done by a limited surgical approach. Conclusions In a relevant fraction of patients with pHPT, endocrinologists still do not regard curative therapy as mandatory. Surprisingly, there are significant cultural differences concerning referral patterns to surgery between the German-speaking and the French-speaking parts of Switzerland. Minimally invasive procedures seem to lower the threshold for referral for surgical therapy. This work was presented at the 2nd Biennial Congress of the ESES, May 2006, Krakow, Poland.     

有限剥离骨膜对老年人股骨干骨折愈合的影响

闭合性皮肤剥脱伤临床并不多见,常因重物压砸、车祸等损伤引起,由于大多没有严重影响功能或为其他病痛所掩盖,患者及医生均不够重视,就诊时仅以皮下积液为惟一主诉,往往仅以简单穿刺抽液、加压包扎等治疗,迁延日久而不能治愈。自1993年2月-2006年4月共治疗此类患者31例,获满意结果,报告如下。1临床资料本组31例,男19例,女12例;年龄30~63岁,平均为41岁。均有外伤史,其中车祸伤18例,压砸伤6例,挤轧5例,摔伤2例。损伤部位:腰骶8例,髂嵴6例,腹股沟5例,大腿前外侧10例,小腿外侧2例。伤后至就诊时间1~55 d,平均31 d。早期损伤9例,晚期22例。剥脱面…     

经尿道前列腺电汽化联合撬拨术治疗高龄前列腺增生症

目的探索微创手术治疗高龄前列腺增生症(benign prostatic hyperlasia,BPH)的安全有效新方法. 方法采用经尿道前列腺电汽化(transurethal vaporiyation of prostate,TUVP)联合撬拨术治疗80岁以上BPH 68例. 结果手术时间30～160 min,平均60 min,切除腺体重量12.5～98.5 g,平均37.6 g,术中出血量30～120 ml,平均65 ml,术后住院5～7 d,平均6 d.术后随访0.5～2年,国际前列腺症状评分由(23.5±4.2)分降至(6.5±2.1)分,生活质量评分由(4.6±0.6)分降至(2.2±0.2)分,最大尿流率由(8.7±4.3)ml/s升至(18.0±2.2)ml/s,剩余尿由(176.0±86.7)ml降至(12.2±2.4)ml.与术前相比,术后6个月均得到显著改善(P＜0.01). 结论 TUVP加撬拨术治疗高龄BPH安全有效,并发症少.