冠心病患者的无症状性心肌缺血

本文报道冠心病患者108例在日常活动情况下,采用Holter 24小时监测,发现60例(55.6%)有心肌缺血发作,总计发作244次,其中无症状性心肌缺血198次(81%)。心肌缺血发作时与发作前的心率比较无明显差异。无症状性心肌缺血发作时ST段下降程度与伴随有胸痛发作时比较,亦无明显差异。在上午6时至12时,无症状性心肌缺血发作频率最高,占55.1%。内服缓释硝酸异山梨酯(消心痛)可以减少心肌缺血发作。     

老年糖尿病合并无症状性脑梗死患者的临床特点及疗效分析

目的:探讨老年糖尿病合并无症状性脑梗死的患者的临床特点及效果。方法:通过对2004年1月-2014年12月在本院就诊的50例单纯SCI患者及43例合并2型糖尿病患者进行回顾性分析,将其分为SCI组和糖尿病组,比较两组患者的临床表现、头部CT检查结果及血流变学检查结果的差异。结果:两组在头晕、睡眠质量差、头痛、肢体麻木、耳鸣、视物眩晕、记忆力下降、行走缓慢、饮水呛咳等临床症状比较差异无统计学意义。糖尿病组患者脑部CT结果显示梗死病灶为2个的居多,其次为≥3个病灶;而SCI组患者中,多为1个病灶,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。糖尿病组患者血液中胆固醇、TG和纤维蛋白原水平显著高于SCI组患者,高密度脂蛋白的含量则显著低于SCI组患者,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:老年糖尿病患者合并SCI临床上没有明显的临床表现,常以多病灶梗死的情况发病,临床的对于此类疾病应以预防为主,防治结合,临床上应多注意患者血流变学相关指标的变化,预防脑卒中的发生。     

Clinical Outcomes in Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation Presentations in GARFIELD-AF: Implications for AF Screening

BackgroundAsymptomatic atrial fibrillation is often detected incidentally. Prognosis and optimal therapy for asymptomatic compared with symptomatic atrial fibrillation is uncertain. This study compares clinical characteristics, treatment, and 2-year outcomes of asymptomatic and symptomatic atrial fibrillation presentations.MethodsGlobal Anticoagulant Registry in the Field-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is a global, prospective, observational study of newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation with ≥1 stroke risk factors (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov, unique identifier: NCT01090362). Patients were characterized by atrial fibrillation-related symptoms at presentation and the CHA₂DS₂-VASc score. Two-year follow-up recorded anticoagulation patterns (vitamin K antagonist, direct oral anticoagulants, parenteral therapy) and outcomes (stroke/systemic embolism, all-cause mortality, and bleeding).ResultsAt presentation, of 52,032 eligible patients, 25.4% were asymptomatic and 74.6% symptomatic. Asymptomatic patients were slightly older (72 vs 70 years), more often male (64.2% vs 52.9%), and more frequently initiated on anticoagulation ± antiplatelets (69.4% vs 66.0%). No difference in events (adjusted hazard ratios, 95% confidence interval) for nonhemorrhagic stroke/systemic embolism (1.19, 0.97-1.45), all-cause mortality (1.06, 0.94-1.20), or bleeding (1.02, 0.87-1.19) was observed. Anticoagulation was associated with comparable reduction in nonhemorrhagic stroke/systemic embolism (0.59, 0.43–0.82 vs 0.78, 0.65–0.93) and all-cause mortality (0.69, 0.59-0.81 vs 0.77, 0.71-0.85) in asymptomatic versus symptomatic, respectively.ConclusionsMajor outcomes do not differ between asymptomatic and symptomatic atrial fibrillation presentations and are comparably reduced by anticoagulation. Opportunistic screening-detected asymptomatic atrial fibrillation likely has the same prognosis as asymptomatic atrial fibrillation at presentation and likely responds similarly to anticoagulation thromboprophylaxis.     

Treatment of hepatitis C-related kidney disease

Introduction: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been associated with a large spectrum of glomerular lesions in both native and transplanted kidneys. The most common HCV-associated renal disease is type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis usually, but not invariably, in the context of type II mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC). HCV infection is also the major cause of MC, a systemic vasculitis characterized by involvement of small and, less frequently, medium-sized vessels. Conflicting data exist on the treatment of HCV-associated glomerular disease.

Areas covered: This review examines the drugs used for management of HCV-related kidney disease and discusses current and new strategies. All literature concerning treatment of HCV-associated kidney disease has been retrieved by electronic (Medline) and manual searches.

Expert opinion: Various approaches have been recommended for the treatment of HCV-related glomerular disease, including immunosuppressive therapy (corticosteroids, cytotoxic agents and mAbs) and antiviral therapy. These regimens should be considered according to the level or proteinuria and kidney failure. Immunosuppressive agents are recommended in patients with nephrotic syndrome and/or rapidly progressive kidney failure. Antiviral treatment based on IFN and/or ribavirin or triple antiviral therapy (PEGylated-IFN/ribavirin/telaprevir or boceprevir) has been adopted in patients with moderate proteinuria and slow loss of kidney failure; however, the number of patients enrolled was small. Some patients with HCV-related cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis have been treated with rituximab but some issues about its role remain to be clarified. The antiviral treatment of HCV-related glomerular disease is expected to improve in the near future with new agents provided with greater efficacy and safety. However, the affordability of these drugs remains a pivotal issue, particularly in low-income countries.     

Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance: Early diagnosis is key

Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance is a clinical–pathological entity grouping renal disorders secondary to the secretion of a monoclonal immunoglobulin synthesized by a B-cell-derived clone and/or plasma cells in a patient with no diagnostic criteria for multiple myeloma. This term applies to a concept recently introduced owing to the need to differentiate this entity from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, given the negative prognostic impact of its high morbidity and mortality resulting from both renal and systemic involvement, occasionally even progressing to advanced chronic kidney disease. The renal damage occurs via both direct pathogenic mechanisms, with the deposition of the monoclonal protein in different renal structures, as well as indirect mechanisms, acting as an autoantibody provoking dysregulation of the alternative complement pathway. The detection of this monoclonal protein and an early hematologic study are essential, as is the need for a kidney biopsy to establish the associated nephropathological diagnosis. Consequently, this then leads to the start of specific hematologic treatment to detain the production of the monoclonal protein and minimize renal and systemic injury.     

A case of endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis with macrophages phagocytosing monoclonal immunoglobulin lambda light chain

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma‐cell neoplasm that can cause renal disorders. Renal lesions in MM can present with a very rare pathological manifestation involving a specific monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig). We report the case of a 33‐year‐old woman who had edema, fatigue, elevated serum creatinine levels, hypoalbuminemia, and hypercholesterolemia. She had persistent hematuria and proteinuria lasting 3 years. Serum protein electrophoresis showed an M‐spike, and serum immunofixation demonstrated the presence of monoclonal IgG λ. She had proteinuria in the nephrotic range, and a monoclonal λ fragment was present on urine immunofixation. Renal biopsy showed proliferative glomerulonephritis with λ light chain and C3c deposition and inflammatory cell infiltration with CD68. Macrophage lysosomes contained λ light chains, suggesting their partial phagocytosis. She was diagnosed with symptomatic MM and was treated with bortezomib and dexamethasone and an autologous peripheral stem cell transplant conditioned with intravenous melphalan. She achieved a partial response with decreased serum monoclonal protein and improved renal function. This case may be categorized as a monoclonal gammopathy‐associated proliferative glomerulonephritis. The biopsy finding of partially phagocytosed Ig λ light chains by macrophages is very rare; this pathological condition is similar to crystal‐storing histiocytosis.     

End-Stage Renal Disease and Mortality Outcomes Across Different Glomerulonephropathies in a Large Diverse US Population

Objective

To compare renal function decline, incident end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and mortality among patients with 5 common glomerular diseases in a large diverse population.

2型糖尿病患者颈动脉斑块积分与无症状冠心病关系的研究

目的探讨T2DM患者颈动脉斑块积分与无症状冠心病(A-CAD)患病风险的关系。方法选取2013年1月至2018年11月于中山大学附属第八医院内分泌科住院的无冠心病(CAD)病史且无胸闷、胸痛等CAD症状的T2DM患者484例,根据冠脉非创伤性血管成像分为A-CAD组(n=245)及非CAD(NCAD)组(n=239),回顾性收集并分析临床资料及检查结果。结果A-CAD组下肢动脉病变(PAD)和颈动脉斑块的Crouse积分、半定量积分、等级积分均高于NCAD组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。Logistics回归分析显示,校正年龄、性别、吸烟、BP、BG、血脂、eGFR、口服ACEI/ARB类降压药和他汀类降脂药百分比等混杂因素后,PAD是T2DM合并A-CAD的独立危险因素,A-CAD发生风险是非PAD患者的2.09倍(P<0.01)。上述自变量不变的情况下加入半定量积分结果显示,PAD仍为T2DM合并A-CAD的独立危险因素(P<0.05);加入等级积分结果显示,等级积分是A-CAD的独立危险因素(P<0.01);加入Crouse积分结果显示,Crouse积分是A-CAD的独立危险因素(P<0.01)。结论颈动脉斑块Crouse积分与T2DM合并A-CAD独立相关,对A-CAD有较好的预测价值。