Postmenopausal HRT is not independent risk factor for dural sinus thrombosis

While a dural sinus thrombosis (DST), is a well-known consequence of the use of oral contraceptives, the role of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in DST was not previously evaluated. We report two postmenopausal women, presenting with DST under HRT. Antiphospholipid antibodies in one case and borderline protein S deficiency in another were diagnosed. Only five cases of DST under HRT were previously reported and in two of them additional prothrombotic risk factors were found. According to these and previous cases, HRT is not an independent risk factor for DST.     

视网膜眼电图对DMD/BMD携带者的检测价值探讨

目的研究杜氏／贝氏进行性肌营养不良（DMD／BMD）携带者视网膜眼电图（ERG）的改变，探讨ERG对DMD／BMD携带者的诊断意义。方法对22个基因突变类型明确的DMD／BMD家系．用定量PCR法结合系谱分析将家系中女性成员分成肯定携带者和非携带者，对患者和家系女性成员进行详细的眼科检查和ERG检测，并用ERG国际测量标准记录结果。结果22名患者中17名出现异常ERG改变；11名肯定携带者中5名出现ERG异常，14名非携带者无ERG改变，两组无重叠。结论ERG是一项对DMD／BMD诊断非常敏感和特异的检查，而ERG对携带者的诊断也具有一定的临床意义。     

非淋菌性泌尿生殖系感染1186例支原体检测及药敏分析

了解非淋菌性泌尿生殖系感染患者的支原体感染情况及耐药性。方法： 对1186例就诊的患者采集标本进行支原体的培养检测和药敏试验。结果： 通过对1186例就诊患者的支原体检测，芰原体感染的阳性率为51．6％，单纯Uu、Mh感染及混合感染者分别占36.2％，3．0％和12．4％；Uu和Mh的阳性率分别为48．7％和15.3％，美满霉素、交沙霉素和阿奇霉索可作为治疗的首选药物。结论： 美满霉素、交沙霉素和阿奇毒素可作为支原体所致泌尿生殖系感染的首选药物     

Aromatase and its inhibitors in breast cancer treatment — overview and perspective

Summary Estrogen has an important role in stimulating the growth of breast carcinomas. Inhibition of estrogen production is therefore a logical treatment strategy. A number of selective inhibitors have been developed against aromatase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme which catalyzes the rate limiting step in the biosynthesis of estrogens. The mechanisms of the aromatase reaction, current knowledge of the enzyme, and regulation of its expression are discussed as the basis for inhibitor development. Two classes of aromatase inhibitors, steroidal and non-steroidal compounds, are now coming into use. Among the steroid substrate analogues, 4-hydroxyandrostenedione (4-OHA) has been shown to be effective in breast cancer patients with advanced disease and was recently approved for treatment in the United Kingdom. Several different classes of compounds which act as aromatase inhibitors are currently in clinical trials and should provide breast cancer patients with a number of treatment options. Among these are highly potent and selective non-steroidal inhibitors which have recently been found to suppress plasma and urinary estrogens over 95% in breast cancer patients. The potency of these newer aromatase inhibitors provides the opportunity to determine whether complete suppression of estrogen production and action will result in enhanced tumor regression.     

浙江人群幽门螺杆菌cagA/vacA优势基因型和不同基因型混合感染的调查

目的　了解消化性溃疡和慢性胃炎患者感染的幽门螺杆菌 (Hp)cagA vacA优势基因型及不同基因型Hp感染、混合感染与疾病的关系。 方法　选择胃窦、胃体双份活检标本均培养出Hp的 42例慢性胃炎 (CG)和 3 6例消化性溃疡 (PU )患者作为研究对象 ,采用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)检测156份Hp分离株的cagA基因、vacA基因的信号区 (s)和中间区 (m )亚型 ,分析Hp基因型及多株Hp混合感染在CG和PU中的分布。结果　胃窦标本cagA基因的检测中 78例患者中有 75例 (96.2 % )为cagA阳性 ,相应的胃体标本中 ,76例患者 (97.4% )为cagA阳性 ,有 1例 (1.3 % )患者胃窦、胃体检出cagA状态不一的Hp混合菌株。在胃窦标本的vacA基因分型中 ,s1a m1、s1a m2、s1a m1b、s1a m1b m2 4种vacA基因型在 78例患者中所占比例分别为 6.4% (5 78)、55.1% (43 78)、2 6.9% (2 1 78)和 1.3 % (1 78) ,多株混合感染为 3 .8% (3 78) ;而相应的胃体标本中 ,前述四种vacA基因型所占比例依次为 6.4% (5 78)、53 .8% (42 78)、2 5.6% (2 0 78)和 3 .8% (3 78) ,多株混合感染为 5.1% (4 78)。cagA+ s1a m2和cagA+ s1a m1b在胃窦标本中占 51.3 % (40 78)和 2 6.9% (2 1 78) ,而在相应的胃体标本中占 52 .6% (41 78)和 2 5.6% (2 0 78)。少量胃窦、胃体     

Characterization of Aerosols of Human Recombinant Deoxyribonuclease I (rhDNase) Generated by Jet Nebulizers

Recombinant human deoxyribonuclease I (rhDNase) is a new therapeutic agent developed to improve clearance of purulent sputum from the human airways. It is delivered by inhalation. Four jet nebulizers, T Up-Draft II (Hudson), Customized Respirgard II (Marquest), Acorn II (Marquest), and Airlife Misty (Baxter), were evaluated in vitro for their ability to deliver aerosols of rhDNase. The aerosols were generated from 2.5-mL aqueous solutions of rhDNase, at concentrations of either 1 or 4 mg/mL. In all experiments, the Pulmo-Aide Compressor (De Vilbiss) was used to supply the air to the nebulizers. Between 20 and 28% of the rhDNase dose initially placed in the nebulizers was delivered to the mouthpiece in the respirable range (1-6 µm). Evaluation of the rhDNase following nebulization in all four devices indicated that there was no loss in enzymatic activity and no increase in aggregation. Circular dichroism spectrophotometry indicated there was no change in either the secondary or the tertiary structure in rhDNase following nebulization. These results show that all four nebulizers are essentially equivalent in their ability to deliver respirable doses of rhDNase in an intact, fully active form. Changing the concentration of the solution in the nebulizer from 4 to 1 mg/mL rhDNase leads to a proportional reduction in the respirable dose delivered to the mouthpiece.     

凋亡敏感基因在短暂性缺氧再复氧复注血清后的大鼠星形胶质细胞中的表达及其意义

目的研究一种新发现的抗氧化蛋白质--凋亡敏感基因(SAG)在短暂性缺氧再复氧复注血清诱导的细胞坏死和凋亡中的作用.方法用短暂性缺氧再复氧复注血清来诱导原代培养的大鼠大脑皮质星形胶质细胞损伤,用免疫细胞化学方法检测凋亡敏感基因的表达,并作图像分析;用流式细胞仪检测胶质细胞在短暂缺氧再复氧复注血清后不同时间点的凋亡率.结果凋亡敏感基因在缺氧15 min再复氧复注血清5 h后表达最高,在复氧复注血清16 h后恢复至对照组水平;细胞凋亡率在缺氧15 min再复氧复注血清1h时达到最高,而在再复氧复注血清5 h后降至对照组水平.结论凋亡敏感基因具有抗凋亡的作用,可减轻星形胶质细胞的缺血再灌注损伤.     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者血淋巴细胞DNA损伤的影响

目的　探讨N -乙酰半胱氨酸 (NAC)治疗不同病期慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (COPD)的疗效。方法　 49例稳定期、急性发作期COPD患者 ,随机分为观察组 (2 5例 )和对照组 (2 4例 ) ,观察组除给予常规治疗外 ,加用NAC(每次 2 0 0mg ,3/d ,连用 2个月 ) ;对照组仅给予常规治疗。治疗前后观察所有患者外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤程度。结果　治疗前后比较 ,观察组稳定期、急性发作期DNA损伤明显降低 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5)。对照组稳定期DNA损伤程度亦有一定程度的改善 ,但差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5) ,急性发作期DNA损伤程度降低 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5)。结论　COPD患者体内存在氧化 -抗氧化失衡 ,抗氧化治疗可降低COPD患者外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤程度 ,急性发作期出现氧化应激。     

Cultured human granulosa cells as a model for corpus luteum function: relative roles of gonadotrophin and low density lipoprotein studied under defined culture conditions.

In primates, corpus luteum development involves both gonadotrophin stimulation and exposure to low density lipoprotein (LDL) delivered through vascularization of the granulosa cell-derived layer. These regulatory influences were modelled in vitro using granulosa cells obtained during in-vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles controlled with gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue, human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). Granulosa cells were cultured in defined medium on extracellular matrix. Without gonadotrophin or LDL in the medium, progesterone production declined progressively. With LDL alone, there was a short-lived elevation of progesterone output which subsequently declined. Culture with HCG alone resulted in a relatively unchanged rate of steroid production over 5 days despite morphological development. This contrasted with a marked and sustained increase in progesterone output over the same time when granulosa cells were cultured with combined HCG/LDL. Cultures were challenged with combined HCG/LDL on day 5. Where initial incubation included HCG, the challenge resulted in a recovery of progesterone output to values comparable to those of granulosa cells exposed to continuous HCG/LDL. Initial incubation without gonadotrophin led to a reduced response. Results suggest that LDL delivery to granulosa cells of the early corpus luteum causes a short-lived period of progesterone production. Sustained luteinization of granulosa cells and maintenance of gonadotrophin responsiveness requires continued exposure to gonadotrophin in the luteal phase.     

Regional gene therapy for full-thickness articular cartilage lesions using naked DNA with a collagen matrix.

A novel gene therapy approach for treating damaged cartilage is proposed that involves placing endotoxin-free cDNA containing the gene for bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in type I collagen sponges and then transferring the naked plasmid DNA construct to the injury site. A full-thickness cartilaginous defect in rabbits implanted with plasmid containing a marker gene (beta-galactosidase) showed expressed protein as detected by immunostaining. At 1 week postimplantation, mesenchymal cells subjacent to the defect had incorporated the implanted naked plasmid DNA and, once transfected, served as local bioreactors, transiently producing the gene product. Plasmids containing the gene for BMP-2 implanted in collagen sponges in cartilage lesions stimulated hyalinelike articular cartilage repair at 12 weeks postimplantation, nearly equivalent in quality to that induced by collagen sponges with recombinant BMP-2 protein. Our approach circumvents the risks of inflammation and immunogenic response associated with the use of viral vectors. Naked plasmid DNA as a vehicle for transferring therapeutic genes has been shown to be effective in a therapeutic model within rabbit articular cartilage and appears to be safe and cost effective.