胆肠吻合术后吻合口结石的原因及预防

【摘要】 胆肠吻合术是重建胆道通路,使胆汁通畅引流的一种手术方式。术后吻合口结石成因复杂,治疗起来相对困难,且容易复发,这已经成为普外科医师亟待解决的临床难题之一。本文综述了胆肠吻合术后吻合口结石形成的原因,包括胆道系统术后病理生理改变、手术适应证的选择不当、原发病处理不充分以及术中操作不当及相应的预防措施,为今后胆肠吻合术后吻合口结石的防治提供参考。     

舌黏膜尿道成形治疗尿道狭窄的初步报告

目的:探讨舌黏膜补片法尿道成形治疗尿道狭窄的疗效。方法:采用舌黏膜尿道成形治疗尿道狭窄14例。尿道狭窄段3.5~14cm,平均6.2cm;术前耻骨上膀胱造瘘8例,余6例排尿均较为困难,最大尿流率2.5~5.5ml/s,平均3.8ml/s。结果:术后随访2~8个月,1例因伤口感染致尿道皮肤瘘,余患者均排尿通畅,最大尿流率增至22~51ml/s,平均29.6ml/s。结论:舌黏膜具有取材方便、对患者创伤小、抗感染力强等特点,是一种较好的尿道替代物,尤其适合尿道狭窄段<6cm的患者。     

开放手术和内窥镜手术治疗男性尿道狭窄83例报告

目的:总结83例男性尿道狭窄患者的手术治疗体会.方法:对54例≤1.5 cm尿道狭窄者采用内窥镜技术治疗;对29例＞1.5 cm尿道狭窄中的21例行开放手术治疗,其中4例长段尿道狭窄者利用包皮瓣或阴茎皮瓣做尿道成形术,另8例行内窥镜手术治疗,其中5例采用自体包皮片移植术.结果:经6～36个月随访,开放手术排尿通畅者占85.7%,内窥镜手术排尿通畅者为88.7%.结论:临床上应根据尿道狭窄范围及长短选择手术方式,尿道狭窄段≤1.5 cm者适合内窥镜手术,而＞1.5 cm者适合开放手术.而包皮皮片、包皮、阴茎皮瓣是非常好的长段尿道狭窄的替代物.     

Effect of level of circular myotomy on oesophageal function in a piglet model

Oesophageal continuity is often difficult to obtain in long-gap oesophageal atresia, and a circular myotomy may be required to achieve oesophageal anastomosis. This study compared the effects of upper and lower segmental circular myotomy on oesophageal stricture formation, oesophageal motility, and the development of gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) in a piglet model. Group I underwent mid-oesophageal resection with upper segment myotomy (14); group II mid-oesophageal resection with lower segment myotomy (8); and group III oesophageal transection and anastomosis without resection (6). Normal motility data were obtained from 8 unmanipulated piglets. The incidence of stricture formation was high in all operated groups. Pseudodiverticula developed in all piglets after proximal myotomy, but not after transection or distal myotomy. Lower oesophageal sphincter pressure and mean amplitude of upper oesophageal contractions were similar after operation in all groups and in controls. GOR (number of reflux episodes/24 h, number of episodes of reflux lasting more than 5 min, and fraction of time pH less than 4.0) was worse after operation compared to controls. Within each group most manometric parameters and GOR worsened with time. We found no evidence that the level of circular myotomy (upper or lower) resulted in any significant difference in stricture rate, oesophageal motility, or severity of GOR. Given the difficulty of performing an upper myotomy in long-gap atresia, where the upper segment is often very short and pseudodiverticulum formation is common, a lower-segment circular myotomy would appear to be a reasonable alternative.     

The effects of oral steroid duration on stricture prevention after extensive endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal cancer

BackgroundEsophageal stricture is a major complication of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in patients with superficial esophageal cancer (SEC). Oral steroids have been used to prevent esophageal stricture in patients with more than 75% of the esophageal circumference resected. However, there are no established guidelines regarding the optimal duration of steroid use. This retrospective observational study aimed to compare the incidence of esophageal stricture according to the period of prophylactic oral steroid use and to identify the risk factors for esophageal stricture.MethodsEighty-one patients who were prescribed prophylactic steroid after undergoing ESD for SEC with more than 75% of esophageal circumference resected were enrolled. Patients were classified into the four-week steroid group (n=72) or eight-week steroid group (n=9) to compare the incidence of esophageal stricture. In addition, the patients were subdivided into those who developed esophageal stricture (n=24) and those who did not (n=57) to identify the risk factors for esophageal stricture.ResultsTwenty patients (27.8%) in the four-week oral steroid group and four patients (44.4%) in the eight-week oral steroid group developed esophageal stricture (P=0.44). The univariable analysis identified tumor size, longitudinal length of semi-circumferential resection, and proportion of circumferential resection as risk factors of esophageal stricture. The multivariable analysis identified the proportion of circumferential resection as an independent risk factor. After adjusting for the proportion of circumferential resection, the incidence of stricture was marginally higher in the eight-week steroid group [P=0.05; odds ratio (OR): 5.69; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–32.15].ConclusionsEight weeks of oral steroid prophylaxis does not reduce the risk of stricture after extensive ESD more than four weeks of oral steroid prophylaxis. The proportion of circumferential resection is the strongest risk factor for stricture in patients with SEC undergoing ESD.     

直肠癌术后吻合口出血的病因分析及对策

目的探讨直肠癌术后吻合口出血的常见病因及防治对策。方法对我院2005年1月至2009年12月间共收治的386例直肠癌患者行Dixon术后出现的吻合口出血并发症进行回顾性分析并文献复习。结果 386例直肠癌Dixon术后有6例发生吻合口出血,常见病因包括糖尿病等伴发病和吻合口张力等导致吻合口瘘的因素;吻合时技术因素。结论直肠癌Dixon术后吻合口出血并发症常见病因有糖尿病等伴发病和吻合口张力等导致吻合口瘘的因素;吻合时技术因素。直肠癌Dixon术后吻合口出血以预防为主。     

双套管肛管预防腹腔镜辅助下中低位直肠癌前切除术后吻合口瘘的效果分析

目的 探讨双套管肛管对腹腔镜辅助下中低位直肠癌前切除术后吻合口瘘的防治效果.方法 采取回顾性研究方法,选取黄石市中医医院2003年10月至2015年10月共收治的658例中低位直肠癌患者(除外手术时即行预防性造瘘患者)资料,按照术后处理方法的不同分为2组,其中A组(325例)患者应用双套管肛管的处理方法,B组(333例)患者应用常规的处理方法.比较2组吻合口瘘的发生率、引流管放置时间、手术后住院时间、住院费用、2组患者出现吻合口瘘后需二次手术率以及术后半年复查出现吻合口狭窄情况.结果 658患者中出现术后吻合口瘘30例(4.6％,30/658),其中A组患者发生吻合口瘘12例(5.1％,12/325),B组发生吻合口瘘18例(5.4％,18/333),2组吻合口瘘发生率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).A组患者在引流管平均放置时间为(9.5±3.1)d,B组平均为(15.3±4.5)d,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).A组患者手术后住院时间为(15.3±5.4)d,B组为(20.4±6.7)d;A组患者住院费用为(43572±3234)元,B组为(53387±4792)元;差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).A组患者术后出现吻合口瘘再次手术情况有2例(2/12,16.7％),B组有12例(12/18,66.7％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).A组患者术后半年复查无吻合口狭窄情况出现,B组有6例出现吻合口狭窄,通过扩肛治疗后排大便顺畅.结论 使 用双套管肛管联合前列地尔治疗有利于降低腹腔镜辅助下对中低位直肠癌前切除术后吻合口瘘的发生.     

经尿道双极等离子电切治疗复杂性尿道狭窄体会

目的:提高经尿道双极等离子电切治疗复杂性尿道狭窄的治疗效果。方法:采用经尿道双极等离子电切治疗复杂性尿道狭窄104例,并进行术后随访。结果:104例手术均获成功,术后随访96例(3个月～10年),均排尿通畅,Qmax 17～26 ml/s。结论:经尿道双极等离子电切治疗复杂性尿道狭窄疗效确切,术中术后的正确处理是减少并发症、降低复发率、提高疗效的关键。     

内支架治疗食管癌性狭窄及瘘的临床应用

目的探讨国产自膨式覆膜金属内支架治疗食管癌并发食管狭窄及瘘的临床应用价值。方法对29例食管癌并发食管狭窄及食管瘘患者在X线透视监视下经口置入国产自膨式覆膜金属内支架。其中晚期食管贲门癌性狭窄3例,食管癌放疗后狭窄9例,食管癌或贲门癌术后吻合口狭窄12例,食管癌并发食管气管瘘或食管纵膈瘘5例。结果29例患者共置入内支架31枚,所有病例均一次成功,技术成功率100%。未发生与操作有直接关系的并发症。所有患者支架留置后,吞咽困难立即改善,生存质量提高;6例并发食管气管瘘或食管纵膈瘘者瘘口立即封闭。随访1～12个月,1例内支架移位30mm以上,另1例内支架滑入胃内,这两例患者分别再次叠放支架;3例死亡,其中2例死于晚期食管贲门癌,1例死于食管大出血;4例支架置入后再狭窄;1例因支架端口磨损引起食管-气管瘘。结论虽然金属内支架是一种开通食管、闭塞瘘口的简便、安全、有效的方法,但是应用食管内支架治疗食管癌性狭窄及瘘之前,充分了解可能发生的并发症及处理方法极为重要。     

异烟肼预防食管良性狭窄的实验与应用研究

探讨异烟肼预防食管良性狭窄的作用。方法分动物实验及临床应用两部分,动物实验采用家犬２０只,分为３组,按Ｄａｖｉｓ动物模型致伤为深Ⅱ度食管腐蚀伤,采用异烟治疗,临床应用系对２６例食管食性狭窄患者采取扩张术后异烟治疗以预防食管再狭窄。结论异烟能够防治食管良性狭窄,在临床工作中有一定的推广价值。