异氟醚对大鼠肺缺血-再灌注损伤的影响

目的探讨异氟醚对大鼠肺缺血-再灌注损伤的影响.方法建立在体大鼠肺缺血-再灌注模型.120只SD雄性大鼠,随机分成四组：缺血-再灌注组（IR组）,异氟醚-缺血-再灌注组（ISO-IR组）,异氟醚组（ISO-C组）和手术对照组（C组）,每组30只.分别在缺血45 min、再灌注30、60、120 min处死大鼠行动脉血气分析、肺组织湿干比（W/D）值、丙二醛（MDA）含量及髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活性测定和肺组织病理学检查;此外,各组于再灌注120 min时另处死大鼠行支气管肺泡灌洗,取灌洗液（BALF）行白细胞计数、沉渣白细胞分类和BALF中总蛋白（TP）含量测定.结果再灌注后,IR组和ISO-IR组肺组织W/D值、MDA含量和MPO活性逐渐升高,且显著高于C组（P〈0.05）;但再灌注60 min后,ISO-IR组肺组织W/D值、MDA含量和MPO活性较IR组均有所降低（P〈0.05）.IR组BALF中的中性粒细胞（PMN）所占百分比较C组显著升高（P〈0.05）,而ISO-IR组的升高并不显著但较IR组显著降低;IR组和ISO-IR组BALF中TP含量均较C组显著升高（P〈0.05）,但ISO-IR组又低于IR组（P〈0.05）;肺组织病理学检查示ISO-IR组病理学变化较IR组显著减轻.结论异氟醚的吸入对缺血-再灌注损伤的肺组织具有一定的保护作用.     

Management of abdominal sepsis

Introduction: Today the management of the different forms of peritonitis is generally standardised. The classification of primary and secondary peritonitis is well accepted. From a pathophysiological point of view, postoperative and post-traumatic peritonitis should be considered as independent entities. The bacteriological isolates from the inflamed peritoneal cavity do not correlate with the clinical course, and the occurrence of enterococci and bacteroides may be slightly related to ongoing infectious complications. Classification: Valuable scoring systems mainly rely on systemic signs of the septic disease and seem to better differentiate the prognosis of the disease than more surgically oriented scores do. Although the scoring systems did not allow any clinical decision, they should be used to help better compare patients treated in different institutions. The observation of the minor relevance of bacteriology and the superiority of general sepsis scores agrees with the fact that pre-existing septic organ dysfunction and pre-existing comorbidity are the main determinants of mortality. Treatment: Surgical therapy focuses on the control of the source of infection because it has been clearly shown that, without resolving the source of infection, the prognosis remains poor. Adjuvant surgical measures aim at the further reduction of the bacterial load in the peritoneal cavity. Planned relaparotomy, relaparotomy on demand, and continuous closed peritoneal lavage are used. Results: Clinical results proved these methods to be equally effective although pathophysiological considerations favour closed peritoneal lavage. Conclusion: Summarising the available data, we need a more sophisticated understanding of the pathophysiology of the peritonitis, and well-designed clinical studies are necessary to define the optimal surgical treatment modalities. Received: 27 November 1997     

纤维支气管镜治疗支气管扩张并感染临床研究

目的：评价纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗对支气管扩张并感染的治疗作用和安全性。方法：治疗组48例给予全身抗炎支持治疗,经纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗及局部注药。对照组48例给予全身抗炎支持治疗并经纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗。结果：治疗组和对照组咳嗽消失时间分别为（13.6±3.8）d和（14.1±3.9）d,P〉0.05。有效率分别为85.42%和81.25%,P〉0.05。不良反应发生率分别为6.25%和4.17%,P〉0.05。结论：纤维支气管镜灌洗治疗支气管扩张并感染是一种安全、简单、有效的方法,值得在临床推广使用,单纯灌洗和药物保留灌注在疗效和不良反应方面无显著差异。     

Palliative operation for the treatment of alveolar echinococcosis

Background  The World Health Organization guidelines recommend radical hepatic resection for definite treatment of alveolar echinococcosis (AE), because it can cure the patient. However, parasitic masses are not entirely removable in about 70% of patients. Even so, palliative resections are carried out, although cure cannot be achieved. As conservative treatment has improved, the role of palliative surgical procedures has to be redefined. Methods  Critical appraisal of published reports on palliative resections for AE and estimation of the level of evidence and grade of recommendation. Results  Prospective randomized trials comparing palliative resections, radical resections, and conservative treatment are lacking. Most papers analyzed case series retrospectively. The number of palliative operations is significant. In the past, palliative resections were recommended in order to enhance anthelminthic drug efficacy but advances in conservative and interventional treatment improved the prognosis of AE. Prolonged survival by systematic palliative resections is not evident. However, palliative surgery is an option to treat persistent bacterial infection, fistulas, and obstructing or compressing masses. The indication is based on individual considerations and decisions. Conclusion  Curative surgery for AE is feasible if parasitic tissue is entirely removable. The benefit of palliative resections is uncertain because long-term results of conservative treatment are favorable. Palliative surgery is an option for complications not being manageable otherwise. Study aim Evaluation of the role of palliative operation for AE.     

Study of telomerase activity in pleural lavage fluid specimens in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and its clinical significance

Objective: To detect telomerase activity in pleural lavage fluid specimens in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to evaluate its clinical value. Methods: From July 2005 to May 2007, 167 pleural lavage fluid specimens were obtained from 135 patients with NSCLC and 32 patients with benign lung tumour during operation. Telomeric repeated amplification protocol (TRAP)-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to measure the telomerase activity in these specimens. Pleural lavage cytology (PLC) analysis of the pleural lavage fluid specimens was used for comparison. All the above specimens were examined within 3 h. Results: The positive rate of telomerase activity and PLC in pleural lavage fluid from patients with NSCLC was 25.2% (34/135) and 8.1% (11/135), respectively, with a significant difference (P < 0.05). Telomerase activity was detected in all 11 specimens with positive cytological examination. Telomerase activity was negative in all 32 patients with benign lung tumour. There was a significant relationship between telomerase activity and pleural extension, T level, N level as well as the clinical TNM (tumour, node, metastasis) stage of lung cancer. A significant association was found between positive telomerase activity and overall survival rate, even stage I survival rate. Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that telomerase activity, as well as PLC and the TNM stage were independent predictors of prognosis. Conclusion: Telomerase activity is a useful adjunct for cytological method in the diagnosis of pleural micro-metastasis and was related to prognosis in a patient with NSCLC.     

Evaluation of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 in lung transplant patients with human cytomegalovirus infection

Abstract:  We hypothesized that interleukin-6 (IL-6) in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) might serve as additional diagnostic parameter in lung transplant patients with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Therefore, we compared IL-6 levels in HCMV-positive vs. HCMV-negative patients. IL-6 was measured by ELISA in plasma and BAL in 111 patients. Furthermore, we investigated the influence of IL-10 on IL-6 production in HCMV-positive patients. For HCMV–DNA detection in plasma and BAL a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used. IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the HCMV-positive group (n = 39; BAL p = 0.045; plasma p = 0.017) in comparison to the HCMV-negative group (n = 72). IL-10 did not correlate with IL-6 concentration (p = 0.146). Donor (D) or recipient (R) HCMV-constellation did not influence IL-6 concentration. IL-6 levels were not influenced by elevated levels of HCMV copies. Our data suggest that IL-6 does not serve as a good diagnostic parameter for existence of HCMV infection in lung transplant patients. Because of the wide range of the IL-6 levels in both groups, we were not able to find a breakpoint differentiating between infected and not-infected patients. Another important finding was that IL-6 production is not dependent of the HCMV status of D/R.     

NF-κB活化在氯化钆诱导ANP肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡中的作用

目的：观察氯化钆（GdCl3）诱导急性坏死性胰腺炎(ANP)肺泡巨噬细胞(AM)凋亡时核因子-κB（NF-κB）表达情况,探讨NF-κB在其中的作用及机制。
方法：36只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组,ANP组,GdCl3治疗组。逆行性胰胆管注射5%牛磺胆酸钠建立ANP大鼠模型,正常对照组大鼠以同法注入生理盐水,GdCl3治疗组制模后即刻自阴茎背静脉注射GdCl3。各组大鼠于成模后6 h经支气管肺泡灌洗获取AM,检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中TNF-α和IL-1β含量及肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)水平。用琼脂糖凝胶电泳、流式细胞仪检测AM的凋亡情况;Western-blot检测AM中NF-κB活性。同时对肺组织行病理学检查。
结果：ANP组TNF-α和IL-1β含量高于对照组（P<0.05）,而治疗组显著低于ANP组（P<0.05）。仅治疗组DNA电泳见典型的细胞凋亡的梯状条带。对照组,ANP组,治疗组AM凋亡率分别为（10.81±0.86）%,（6.47±1.52）%,（17.41±3.36）%,3组间差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;Western-blot检测3组AM中NF-κB表达的相对灰度值分别为（0.80±0.05）,（1.96±0.15）,（1.42±0.10）,3组间差异亦有统计学意义（P<0.05）。AM的凋亡率与NF-κB活性呈负相关（r＝-0.554,P<0.01）。
结论：GdCl3可能通过抑制NF-κB的活化诱导大鼠ANP肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡,从而减轻肺损伤。     

大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤长期存活模型的建立

目的 建立一种简单、稳定的大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤(LIRI)长期存活模型.方法 将84只健康SD大鼠随机分为2组:Ⅰ组为假手术组,Ⅱ组为肺缺血再灌注组(每组n=42只).两组分别于开胸后、缺血1 h后再灌注0、2、4h、1、3、7 d取肺组织行髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性、肺湿干比(W/D ratio)检测和肺泡Ⅱ型细胞(ATⅡ)的电镜超微结构评价;取支气管肺泡灌洗液检测肺通透性指数(LPI).结果 手术成功率达100%.Ⅱ组与Ⅰ组比较,缺血再灌注后2、4 h、1 d的MPO、LPI、W/D比差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),开胸后、再灌注后0 h、3、7 d两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).ATⅡ的超微结构显示,再灌注4 h后损伤最严重,再灌注1 d即出现明显的修复过程,再灌注7 d基本恢复正常结构水平.结论 本模型简单、可靠,LIRI后相关肺损伤指标和ATⅡ超微结构损伤变化特点吻合.     

MRI examination of the glenohumeral joint after traumatic primary anterior dislocation

Primary traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder in young patients has a high recurrency rate. There are varying opinions on the pathology behind the recurrences. The aim of this study was to describe the MRI characteristics of the acute lesion, and at 6-month follow-up. Thirty patients aged 18–30 years with primary traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder were randomized into two groups. One group was treated with acute arthroscopic lavage within 10 days. The control group was treated with traditional non-operative therapy. All patients underwent acute MRI within 10 days and before the arthroscopic lavage, and again at the 6-month follow-up, for evaluation of the lesions. The acute MRI verified Hill-Sachs lesions in all patients. At the 6-month follow-up MRI, there was no change in the size of the Hill-Sachs lesion. This was also the case with the six patients in the control group with recurrent dislocations during the first 6 months. Twenty-nine patients (97%) had joint effusion at the acute MRI, which was very useful for evaluation of the soft tissue pathology. The glenohumeral ligaments were detached in 20/30 patients (66%), and the labrum in 22/30 patients (70%). A capsulolabral detachment classified as a Baker 3 lesion was seen in 16/30 (53%) of the patients, including all six patients with recurrent dislocation. At the 6-month control, only 3/30 (10%) of the patients had joint effusion for adequate evaluation of the labrum and ligamentous pathology. A Hill-Sachs lesion was found in 100% of the patients after primary dislocation, and recurrent dislocations did not change the size of the lesion. The study supports the opinion that this lesion is overlooked in the clinical situation. The joint effusion at the acute MRI was of utmost importance for evaluation of the soft tissue pathology. The 6-month MRI control was therefore considered inconclusive when evaluating capsulolabral lesions, due to lack of effusion. MRI arthrography with contrast administration would have been very helpful at the 6-month examination.     

经纤维支气管镜灌洗治疗难治性肺部感染的临床评价

目的探讨纤维支气管镜灌洗治疗难治性肺部感染的临床疗效。方法37例难治性肺部感染患者随机分为治疗组与对照组，治疗组在常规治疗基础上采用纤支镜灌洗治疗，单纯全身抗感染治疗作为对照组。结果治疗组总有效率为94．74％，对照组总有效率为61．11％，治疗组疗效优于对照组。结论经纤支镜灌洗治疗难治性肺部感染是安全有效的方法之一．具有一定的临床意义。